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Muhammad Choopani; Ghafar Borjsaz
Abstract
Introduction: Rhetoric is the art of effective communication, tailored to the audience's situation and status. The term "speech" encompasses all verbal and semantic components, including its constituent parts.
Purpose:This research aimed to explore the functions and rhetorical capacities ...
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Introduction: Rhetoric is the art of effective communication, tailored to the audience's situation and status. The term "speech" encompasses all verbal and semantic components, including its constituent parts.
Purpose:This research aimed to explore the functions and rhetorical capacities of pronouns within the context of Zahhak's story, specifically in relation to the interaction between verbs and pronouns. The goal is to identify the specific functions and rhetorical capacities employed by Ferdowsi.
Research method:This study utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach and employs rhetorical criticism.
Findings and conclusion: This research explores the rhetorical capacities and functions of pronouns in Ferdowsi's story of Zahhak. It identifies two main areas where the pronoun's rhetorical capacity is developed: the interaction between pronouns and verbs, and the phonetic layer of speech. In the former, pronouns are used as adverbial complements of verbs and in syntactic shifts from nouns to verbs, satisfying both syntactic and semantic needs while inducing desired effects on the audience. In the latter, pronouns affect the formation of a specific phonetic environment in speech. The study concludes that pronouns play a significant role in the rhetorical efficacy of the story, serving various rhetorical and semantic purposes. Another function of pronouns in this story is to demonstrate their role in "binding the predicate" to convey certainty. Pronouns also play a role in various rhetorical processes at the phonetic level of speech. These processes include the "settling" of pronouns and their impact on creating a specific phonetic atmosphere in speech. This serves to convey the intended meaning and concept of the theologian, as well as reflect their discontent and dissatisfaction towards the events described in the verse, or the behavior of the characters that lead to these events. Another group of rhetorical processes of the pronoun in this story has been realized in the phonetic level or layer of speech, both in terms of the process of "pronoun settlement" and in the form of the pronoun's effect on the formation of an especial phonetic environment in speech.
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Ahmad Heidari
Abstract
Courtyard, corridor and iwan are among the elements that have played an important role in information the living spaces of a residential unit, both private and public. The public part of a structure is known as the porch and exterior, and its function has been a place to receive an official guest or ...
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Courtyard, corridor and iwan are among the elements that have played an important role in information the living spaces of a residential unit, both private and public. The public part of a structure is known as the porch and exterior, and its function has been a place to receive an official guest or a place for ceremonies and public gatherings. In the meantime, the hypostyle design (hypostyle) is one of the elements that was added to some buildings such as Aliaqapo and Chehelston during the reign of Shah Abbas II Safavid and then spread in different forms. The resemblance of the Safavid hypostyle to the general court of the Shah Jahan period, which had become common in India a little earlier, led some scholars to consider the Safavid hypostyle as a representation of the Audience hall Gurkani. The question of this research is why and how hypostyle became popular in Safavid architecture and how was its origin or evolution? This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The result of the research shows that hypostyle Mughal Empire is a combination of Achaemenid columned halls and Mandapa of Hindu temples and was first built in India during the Shah Jahan period and then Safavid borrowed from it. This element became desirable in Iranian architecture and in order to create a suitable open and empty space, after the Safavid period in the nave of the mosques of Zandieh and Qajar period, it has been used in a transformed way. The result of the research shows that hypostyle Mughal Empire is a combination of Achaemenid columned halls and Mandapa of Hindu temples and was first built in India during the Shah Jahan period and then Safavid borrowed from it. This element became desirable in Iranian architecture and in order to create a suitable open and empty space, after the Safavid period in the nave of the mosques of Zandieh and Qajar period, it has been used in a transformed way.
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Seyyed Hasan Ghazavi; Mohammad Mehdi Salmanpour; Mohammad Esmaeil Esmaeili Jelodar
Abstract
تحلیل کتیبه های درب امامزاده حمزه دهدشت و جایگاه آن در شناخت مضامین مذهبی شیعی (آیات و ادعیه)
چکیده:
مقابر مذهبی به خصوص حرم‌های امامزادگان، از دیرباز مورد احترام ...
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تحلیل کتیبه های درب امامزاده حمزه دهدشت و جایگاه آن در شناخت مضامین مذهبی شیعی (آیات و ادعیه)
چکیده:
مقابر مذهبی به خصوص حرم‌های امامزادگان، از دیرباز مورد احترام مسلمانان و به‌ویژه شیعیان قرار داشته است. در حکومت‌های شیعی مذهب، این ارادت و توجه بیشتر بود. آثاری که با توجه به اقبال مردم منطقه به آن، می‌توانست چون رسانه‌ای در تبلیغ باورهای حاکمان سیاسی وقت نیز ایفای نقش کند. حکومت آل بویه، به عنوان اولین حکومت فراگیر و نیرومند شیعیان در قرن 4 و 5 ق، به این گونه بناها عنایت داشت و در متون تاریخی به مواردی از توجه ویژه آنان در این باره اشاره شده و در کنار آن، برخی آثار مذهبی باستان شناختی از آن دوران نیز به همین امر گواهی می‌دهد. امامزاده حمزه دهدشت، در استان کهکیلویه و بویراحمد، در منطقه باستانی ارجان، از بناهای کهن باقی مانده از صدراسلام است و درب چوبی آن که اکنون به شماره 3292 در موزه ملی ایران نگهداری می‌شود، حاوی پیام‌های مذهبی ویژه‌ای است.
پیش از این برخی از محققان به شاخصه‌های بصری یا توصیف کتیبه‌های این درب توجه نموده‌‌اند اما به تحلیل مضامین و پیام‌ها در آن چندان عنایتی نداشته‌اند، نوشتار حاضر با روش توصیفی تحلیلی به این پرسش می‌پردازد که در کتیبه‌های این درب کهن، از چه مضامینی بهره برده شده و آن مضامین و پیام‌ها در باورهای شیعی چه جایگاهی دارند؟ بیان اهمیت ویژه این اثر و توجه به نکاتی ویژه در مستندسازی برخی ادعیه معروف شیعی، از دیگر مطالبی است که در این پژوهش به آن توجه شده است. نتایج اولیه این پژوهش نشان داد که این اثر علاوه بر منظر زیبایی‌شناختی و شاخصه‌های بصری ارزشمند، از لحاظ مضامین و محتوای خود اثری ویژه بوده و در اعتبارسنجی برخی از منابع مکتوب دست اول شیعی کارایی دارد. مضامین و محتوای کتیبب-ها نیز لحاظ اجتماعی بازگوی شرایط سیاسی و فرهنگی شیعیان وقت و حضور توانمند مذهب امامی در آن منطقه است.
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Bülent akdağ Akdağ; Homeyra Zomorodi
Abstract
In this research, we focus on the works of the Turkish-descended poet Osman Kamal Effendi, in particular Osman Kamali. He was one of the disciples of Maulana Jalaluddin Rumi, who was blind and memorized the Quran. Jalal al din Rumi's familiarity with intellectual and narrative sciences, literature, jurisprudence, ...
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In this research, we focus on the works of the Turkish-descended poet Osman Kamal Effendi, in particular Osman Kamali. He was one of the disciples of Maulana Jalaluddin Rumi, who was blind and memorized the Quran. Jalal al din Rumi's familiarity with intellectual and narrative sciences, literature, jurisprudence, hadith, Qur'an interpretation and the words of Hazrat Ali (AS) has formed the basis for the formation of the most beautiful poems in praise of Hazrat Ali (AS) in the Persian language, and this effect has caused Othman's poems. Perfectly, they should be written in a soulful way and in the age of the Caliph and the Dagger, they should be shown as a true love for Ali's family (A.S.). The importance of the present research is to introduce a poet who did not hesitate to express his love for Ahl al-Bayt, and the purpose of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of Osman Kamali's poems by Maulana. The research method was library and interview was also used in part of the research. The theoretical framework of the research is discourse analysis based on the opinions of Fairclough (2001). Based on the research findings; Kamali's poetry is influenced by Rumi's poetry in terms of content and meaning. And it can be said that Bahr al-Asheer is also close to Jalal al dinRumi's poetry. Contrary to Rumi's poems, which include personal and impersonal pronouns, the pronouns in Kamali's poems are limited to personal pronouns. Another prominent theme that can be seen in Osman Kamali's poems is the use of hints in his poems. In almost all of his poems, in the style of Rumi, he has used verses and hadiths and even Jalal al din Rumi's poems in the form of hints.Key words: Hazrat Ali (AS), Rumi, Osman Kamali, speech, Fairclough
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Ismail Sharahi
Abstract
The building of Qale Dokhtar (Qiz Qala, Qazqaleh) is a mountain fortress located 25 kilometers southwest of Saveh on top of a single mountain in the Hendes mountain range. Different opinions have been presented in the researches about the formation of this building and its function. Some researchers ...
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The building of Qale Dokhtar (Qiz Qala, Qazqaleh) is a mountain fortress located 25 kilometers southwest of Saveh on top of a single mountain in the Hendes mountain range. Different opinions have been presented in the researches about the formation of this building and its function. Some researchers have considered the construction of Qale Dokhtar to be related to the Sassanid period and its function as Anahita Temple, and others have identified it as a fortress related to the middle centuries of the Islamic period and related to the Ismailid sect. The lack of reliable documents and evidence from the researchers in presenting the two mentioned functions has raised the question of what was the function of Qale Dokhtar as a huge and magnificent building that was formed in the geographical and historical background of Saveh and when was it formed? Certainly, addressing this issue apart from providing suggestions for the dating and function of Qala Dokhtar in particular, in the field of architectural or archeological researches of the Islamic period, especially castles, raises challenges that will be necessary to be comprehensively addressed by researchers in the future. In this article, it is assumed that QaLE Dokhtar is an Ismailid castle and its function was based on the use of the followers of that sect. The method of conducting this research is historical-analytical which is based on field investigations and architectural evidence, archeological field excavations and the use of library resources. The conducted studies and researches have considered the Qale Dokhtar in connection with other Ismailid castles in Iran and suggested the 5th to 7th centuries AH as the period of formation and use of that castle in the service of the Ismailid sect.Qale Dokhtar, as one of the important castles, played a role in the creation of the network of castles and fortifications of the Ismailid sect in Central Iran and is considered one of the main castles.
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sajjad omidoiur; abolfazl delavari
Abstract
The concept of national identity holds significant importance in today's nation-building project and is a fundamental element of social capital. However, the role of Sufis in this project presents a complex challenge. It is crucial to determine whether national identity and a positive perspective ...
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The concept of national identity holds significant importance in today's nation-building project and is a fundamental element of social capital. However, the role of Sufis in this project presents a complex challenge. It is crucial to determine whether national identity and a positive perspective on Iranian nationality are present among Sufi followers, a question that has received limited attention within the Sufi community.
Conventional wisdom often characterizes Sufis as primarily non-nationalistic, with a cosmopolitan or even a hereafter orientation. Consequently, the concepts of nationality and national identity are perceived as having minimal relevance in their works, thoughts, and daily lives. This study seeks to challenge this perception by examining the degree of emphasis and inclination toward national identity among the followers of the 'Ahle Haq' Sufi order, one of the largest Sufi groups in Iran.
The research, conducted using phenomenological analysis in the cities of Sahneh, Sarpol-e Zahab, and Dalahoo in the provinces of Kermanshah and Lorestan, involves 21 participants from the target community. The findings reveal that the lived experiences of these followers are notably influenced by their Sufi order identity. Surprisingly, their Sufi order identity not only coexists harmoniously with their national identity in their daily lives but actively contributes to it in various ways.
Consequently, concepts such as homeland, history, language, literature, and national heroes emerge as significant elements that further strengthen the inclination toward national identity among the followers of this Sufi order. This finding challenges the common notion that Sufis are disconnected from concerns related to national identity.
This article employs qualitative research methods, utilizing semi-structured interviews, observations, and participation for data collection. The sampling method is purposive, allowing for a focused selection of participants aligned with the research objectives.
In summary, this study uncovers the intricate dynamics of identity within Sufi communities in Iran, illustrating the coexistence of Sufi and national identities. This complex interplay between identities challenges prevailing assumptions about the role of Sufis in the nation-building project and provides valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of identity in contemporary Iranian society.
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mahdi rafatipanah mehrabadi
Abstract
The philosophy of inclusion considers all beings, including humans, animals, plants and birds, to be part of the universe, which follow a single principle, the principle of life, and move towards a single goal, which is cosmic order. Based on this, the present article seeks to answer the question of ...
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The philosophy of inclusion considers all beings, including humans, animals, plants and birds, to be part of the universe, which follow a single principle, the principle of life, and move towards a single goal, which is cosmic order. Based on this, the present article seeks to answer the question of whether it is possible to find the philosophy of inclusion in the culture of ancient Iran by examining the historical, ritual, religious and mythological evidences of ancient Iran? And if so, how is the position of each component of nature defined in this system and what are the functions defined for them in order to maintain the cosmic order? The findings of the research show that in the Iranian worldview, man is not considered as a superior who has moral and ontological superiority over other beings. In this mean, man is just a part of the world that is responsible for establishing cosmic order in the fight against evil and demonic forces, the same as other creatures. Understanding natural phenomena as entities that have intrinsic value and can play a role in humanʼs material and spiritual development is the main message that ancient worldview has for modern humans. In fact, the philosophy of inclusion in the form of the worldview of ancient Iran can be used for environmental protection in the framework of the discourse of green radicalism and especially ecological theology along with other components of this discourse such as Islamic, Christian, Buddhist and Jewish ecological theology. In other words, the philosophy of inclusion can be considered as intellectual framework of ancient Iran, based on which not only humans, but all parts of nature such as plants, animals, birds, and mountains, in an ontological dialectic, are mutually connected and are trying to establish order based on truth as the basic principle of the universe.
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davoud pakbaz kataj; hasan karimian; mosayeb amiri; Majid Montazer- Zohouri
Abstract
Dehdasht is one of the most important cities of southwestern Iran in the Islamic era, which was of great importance and prosperity in the Safavid period. This city was in the Safavid era the Dar al -Molk and the ruler of the large province of Kohgiluyeh, which covered the Arrajan wide area. Dehdasht ...
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Dehdasht is one of the most important cities of southwestern Iran in the Islamic era, which was of great importance and prosperity in the Safavid period. This city was in the Safavid era the Dar al -Molk and the ruler of the large province of Kohgiluyeh, which covered the Arrajan wide area. Dehdasht is one of the most significant historical cities in the southwest of Iran, which in its flourishing period was considered the center of a region that was important from the Sassanid period and after that with the names of Beladshapur and Kohgiluyeh had. This city is one of the historical cities of Iran, which despite many historical developments, it can still be considered the healthiest historical stone-making city in the country. During its prosperity, the city of Dehdasht had all urban signs, including a defensive wall, a government citadel, bazaar, caravanserai, mosque, large baths, schools and more than a thousand residential doors. The purpose of this paper is to understand and explain the factors affecting the decline of the Dehdasht from the Safavid era to the end of the Qajar era and its time to decline. In this historical-analytical study, was attempted to answer the question by analyzing the results of field studies and analyzing historical sources, What were the reasons and manner of the collapse of Dehdasht city? and The end of its political-social life is related to what period of history? Based on the results of the analysis of historical sources and the analysis of archaeological data, war and riots and successive looting, insecurity, destruction of communication networks, decreased business prosperity, heavy taxation and deterioration of the economic situation led to the decline of the historic city of Dehdasht and the city's emptying of the people. The weakness and gradual decline of the city also began with the weakening of the Safavid government and continued until the Qajar period, but the final collapse and end of its political and political life dates back to the late Qajar period.
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Aref Azizpour Shoubi; Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi; Yaser Shahbazi
Abstract
Geometry plays an integral role in the architectural production of all cultures, either consciously or inadvertently. The Islamic scholars classified it into different categories. In the treatises of scholars and professionals, volume geometry was one of the manifestations of this science. Due to the ...
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Geometry plays an integral role in the architectural production of all cultures, either consciously or inadvertently. The Islamic scholars classified it into different categories. In the treatises of scholars and professionals, volume geometry was one of the manifestations of this science. Due to the development of mathematical sciences in Islamic societies, their appearance in the architecture of the Islamic world has been more complex. Understanding the relationship between the thinking about volume and geometry among Muslim mathematicians in different eras is important for understanding the geometry of volume in Iranian architectural works. The time period of this research is focused on the beginning of Islam until the 5th century of Hijri. As far as the purpose of this research is concerned, it belongs to the basic-theoretical category. Interpretive-historical research has been used to answer the following questions: The science of geometry is classified as a science according to what basis? How have Muslim mathematicians viewed volume geometry in light of the classification of geometry science? Al-Farabi's classified geometry into theory and practice, And Akhwan al-Safa attribute mystical aspects to Pythagorean thinking in classifying Geometry. Both categories, however, share a common application of geometry in theory and practice, which in the Islamic period was used to build Islamic civilization by applying theoretical topics to practical situations. The emphasis on practice in the classification of sciences during the Islamic period has been due to the importance of the application of theoretical sciences in practice. This importance transformed the view of volume geometry from theoretical topics, such as creating volumes of the universe, in addition to philosophical, trigonometric, computational, and conic theoretical foundations. The volume calculation was developed from a comparative method to numerical calculations because of the link that geometry is created with industry. References to volume ranged from sculptures to spatial dimensions.
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Ismail Sharahi; Mohammad Ebrahim zarei; Hamide Choubak
Abstract
The building of Qale Dokhtar (Qiz Qala, Qazqaleh) is a mountain fortress located 25 kilometers southwest of Saveh on top of a single mountain in the Hendes mountain range. Different opinions have been presented in the researches about the formation of this building and its function. Some researchers ...
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The building of Qale Dokhtar (Qiz Qala, Qazqaleh) is a mountain fortress located 25 kilometers southwest of Saveh on top of a single mountain in the Hendes mountain range. Different opinions have been presented in the researches about the formation of this building and its function. Some researchers have considered the construction of Qale Dokhtar to be related to the Sassanid period and its function as Anahita Temple, and others have identified it as a fortress related to the middle centuries of the Islamic period and related to the Ismailid sect. The lack of reliable documents and evidence from the researchers in presenting the two mentioned functions has raised the question of what was the function of Qale Dokhtar as a huge and magnificent building that was formed in the geographical and historical background of Saveh and when was it formed? Certainly, addressing this issue apart from providing suggestions for the dating and function of Qala Dokhtar in particular, in the field of architectural or archeological researches of the Islamic period, especially castles, raises challenges that will be necessary to be comprehensively addressed by researchers in the future. In this article, it is assumed that QaLE Dokhtar is an Ismailid castle and its function was based on the use of the followers of that sect. The method of conducting this research is historical-analytical which is based on field investigations and architectural evidence, archeological field excavations and the use of library resources. The conducted studies and researches have considered the Qale Dokhtar in connection with other Ismailid castles in Iran and suggested the 5th to 7th centuries AH as the period of formation and use of that castle in the service of the Ismailid sect.Qale Dokhtar, as one of the important castles, played a role in the creation of the network of castles and fortifications of the Ismailid sect in Central Iran and is considered one of the main castles.
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Esmaeil Alipoor
Abstract
The travelogues written by Europeans about Iran serve as invaluable research sources in the field of Iranian Studies. They provide insights into aspects of Iranian culture that may have been overlooked or intentionally disregarded by Iranian historians. However, it is important to acknowledge that these ...
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The travelogues written by Europeans about Iran serve as invaluable research sources in the field of Iranian Studies. They provide insights into aspects of Iranian culture that may have been overlooked or intentionally disregarded by Iranian historians. However, it is important to acknowledge that these works may contain elements of exaggeration subjective opinions inappropriate generalizations and biased political inclinations. This study aims to critically examine the portrayal of Iranian culture in the travelogue Beyond the Caspian Sea authored by Arthur Christensen a Danish orientalist and mythologist. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach rooted in the imagology methodology this article explores the travelogue's depiction of Iranian culture. Imagology a comparative literature approach delves into the representation of the "self" through the eyes of the "other" or vice versa with the ultimate goal of understanding the reasons and mechanisms behind this cultural reflection. As an interdisciplinary approach imagology intersects with cultural studies. The central question driving this research is why certain manifestations of Iranian culture and literature particularly those observed during the author's journey to Iran at the end of the Qajar era assume greater prominence in this travelogue. The findings reveal that Christensen's perspective is Europe-centric shaped by inductive reasoning stereotypes and political biases. By accentuating the negative aspects of certain individual and environmental elements of Iranian culture he attempts to generalize them to the entire Iranian cultural realm. The travelogues written by Europeans about Iran serve as invaluable research sources in the field of Iranian Studies. They provide insights into aspects of Iranian culture that may have been overlooked or intentionally disregarded by Iranian historians. However, it is important to acknowledge that these works may contain elements of exaggeration subjective opinions inappropriate generalizations and biased political inclinations. This study aims to critically examine the portrayal of Iranian culture in the travelogue Beyond the Caspian Sea authored by Arthur Christensen a Danish orientalist and mythologist
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majid montazer zohouri; Darywsh Barati Dasht Rahi
Abstract
The city of Susa, In the north of Khuzestan province, it is one of the first ancient places where extensive archaeological researches have been conducted. In 1947, the French archaeologist Roman Grishman managed to discover a building known as a monastery in the northeast of the mosque of the early centuries ...
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The city of Susa, In the north of Khuzestan province, it is one of the first ancient places where extensive archaeological researches have been conducted. In 1947, the French archaeologist Roman Grishman managed to discover a building known as a monastery in the northeast of the mosque of the early centuries of Susa, located in the northeastern vicinity of the early centuries' mosque in Susa. Initially, upon observing the alignment of the building's wall with the mosque, he speculated that the structure might have served as a governmental or palatial edifice. Then Monique Kervran introduces this building as Rabat or the Monastery. Now, based on the writings of Al-Maqdisi, a 4th-century geographer about his visit to a monastery in the city of Shush, we can highlight the influence of Sufism or mysticism in this city. Given its antiquity, dating back to the early centuries of Islam, this monastery holds significant scholarly value and offers insights into the architectural origins as well as the behavioral and ideological framework of monastic life. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the architectural origins of the Shush monastery and analyze the religious practices that influenced its construction. The authors aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure and cultural significance of the monastery based on archaeological evidence. Does Shush Monastery have a structural connection with religious buildings and ideological systems before Islam, or is it derived from the foundations of the Islamic era? The following research used the descriptive-analytical method and the archaeological-historical order to address answers to raised questions. Archeological evidence indicates that certain architectural elements of the Susa Monastery are consistent with the Mehrkadeh from the Sassanid era found in southern Iran, which subsequently influenced the architecture of the middle and later Islamic periods. Some religious practices within the monastic system have their origins in pre-Islamic beliefs.
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Hashem Kazemi; Mostafa Dehpahlavan
Abstract
The beginning of the Parthian dynasty and the identity of Arsaces I as the head of this dynasty is one of the most mysterious parts of Parthian history. Based on the analysis of the written sources regarding the identity of Arsaces, these sources can be divided into two different historiographical traditions: ...
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The beginning of the Parthian dynasty and the identity of Arsaces I as the head of this dynasty is one of the most mysterious parts of Parthian history. Based on the analysis of the written sources regarding the identity of Arsaces, these sources can be divided into two different historiographical traditions: one by Apollodorus and his followers Justin and Strabo, and the other by Arrian and his followers (Photius, Zosimus, Syncellus, Dio). Meanwhile, a narrative has been more welcomed among Parthian history and archeology researchers. According to this narrative, Arsaces was a Scythian who was the head of the Aparni tribe of the Dahae union. Then, based on this version of the origin of the Parthians, in the middle of the 3rd century BC, Arsaces took advantage of the confusion of the Seleucid empire in the west and together with the Aparni, captured the Seleucid state of Parthia and and provided the foundation for the formation of the Parthian Empire. The main reference and the most effective spreader of the concept of nomadic and Scythian Parthians is Strabo. He was inspired by the older Hellenistic historians in understanding the origin of the Parthians, however, none of them lived before the second century BC. In this research, the researchers based on archaeological evidence and analysis of written sources, say that the Arrian historiography tradition and his followers based on the fact that Arsaces was a native Parthian are closer to the political and social realities of the Parthian period, and we argue that Arsaces I was never able to create a kingdom comparable to the Seleucid Empire, he just managed a tributary state under the rule of the Seleucids. The establishment of the Parthian kingdom based on local and Parthian elements could have taken place only after the reign of Antiochus III (223/2-187b.c). In fact, there is no direct or indirect evidence for the Parthian Empire in Iran in the 3rd century b.c. If the early Parthian kingdom had essentially a territorial foundation, it could not have been anything more than a regional power.
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Rouhollah Hadi; Mohammad Sarwar mawlaie; Siddiqullah Kalakani
Abstract
Abstract
Sanai's has a special place in both Dari/Persian poetry history and the changes he made in terms of content, especially erfan, wisdom and advice, and according to Sanai scholars, Persian poetry in ghazel and qasida owe it to Sanai to this day. Unfortunately, Hakim Sanai did not receive the ...
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Abstract
Sanai's has a special place in both Dari/Persian poetry history and the changes he made in terms of content, especially erfan, wisdom and advice, and according to Sanai scholars, Persian poetry in ghazel and qasida owe it to Sanai to this day. Unfortunately, Hakim Sanai did not receive the attention he deserved in Iran and Afghanistan until the fourteenth century for several reasons, except for the publication of Divan, Masnawi, and Sanai's biography. Some new and serious research on Sanai is conducted in recent decades through independent writings and research and master's and doctoral dissertations, especially in Iran.
Sanai-ology research in Afghanistan is similar in some respects to what has been done in Iran. Ranging from writing general, thematic, and specific articles to editing and publishing his works, to explaining some of Hakim Ghaznawi’s Masnavi such as Sairul-Ebaad to Hadiqah and writing independent books about his life; works, thoughts, circumstances and answering controversial questions among scholars and critics of the works in Iran and the use of research and studies by Iranian scholars; knowledge on these and the findings of Sanai scholars in Afghanistan can provide a broader horizon for Sanai scholars. The culmination of Sanai studies in Afghanistan is the holding of a conference on the 900th anniversary of Sanai, in which valuable research such as the description of Sir al-'Ebbad, the correction of Hadiqah, and the writing of research articles on Sanai and his works have been conducted. In the last two decades, the description of about a thousand verses of Hadiqatul haqiqa done by professor Ab. Ahad ashrati is, among other things, a better example that will follow In this article, an attempt has been made to review and critic the research findings of the scho.
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Mohammadali Parghoo; Javad Alipoor Silab
Abstract
One of the interesting and neglected topics in the social history studies of Iran is how to deal with natural and climatic challenges, including hot or cold winds. An important example of these winds has been referred to by historians, geographers, and physicians in various sources as the " Samum wind", ...
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One of the interesting and neglected topics in the social history studies of Iran is how to deal with natural and climatic challenges, including hot or cold winds. An important example of these winds has been referred to by historians, geographers, and physicians in various sources as the " Samum wind", Therefore , the current research aims to answer the question, what were the characteristics of " Samum wind" and how to deal with it in the Iranian medicine system? In the first step, this article examines the geographical distribution and history, and in the second step, it explains the cognitive and behavioral approach of physicians in dealing with Samum wind and its complications. The findings of the present research based on the analytical descriptive approach indicate that: Samum wind was considered a climatic challenge in different historical periods and different geographical regions. The geographical area where this wind blows in Iran primarily includes the southern regions (east-west) and the period of its blowing is from late spring to late summer. In terms of quality, the main characteristics of the Samum wind were: heat and dryness. The blowing of this wind caused problems for the region's human, plant, and animal life. confrontation to Samum wind caused fatal physical effects on the person's body, which physicians called " Samum zadegi". Preventive measures to deal with the heat and Samum wind and a variety of treatment methods to eliminate the side effects of facing this wind have been presented by physicians in the framework of Akhlati medicine: ((four temperaments). The current research is an interdisciplinary study with a historical approach. The necessary information has been collected by the library method from historical, geographical, and medical sources that are mostly ignored in historical research. The method of presenting the content is descriptive-analytical.
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Elham Torkashvand; Ali Mohammadi
Abstract
Rashidi's history belongs to Timurid period, was written by Mirza Haidar Doghlat and its subject is to explain events and conflicts that happened to some of descendants of Genghis Khan and Mirzayan Doghlat and were written by historians. The scene of these conflicts is parts of present-day China, Uzbekistan, ...
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Rashidi's history belongs to Timurid period, was written by Mirza Haidar Doghlat and its subject is to explain events and conflicts that happened to some of descendants of Genghis Khan and Mirzayan Doghlat and were written by historians. The scene of these conflicts is parts of present-day China, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. This book was written about five centuries ago, in Kashmir and outside the geographical area of Iran, by a literate Mongol who had learned it in the Herat School. Apart from the historical events of this precious book, which is one of most unique historical books of Timurid period, this book can also be examined from a literary and rhetorical point of view. The results of this research show that the author has flourished his genius in the field of literature by using verbal and spiritual crafts as well as using a special method of narration. As a classical writer, he has tried to write his writings, both in terms of content and in terms of literary form, wisely and favored by scholars and literati. Hence, Rashidi's history, apart from historical propositions, contains literary and rhetorical flavors that have a worthy effect on the feelings and emotions of the audience. In this research, which has been done in a library manner, by giving examples and explaining them, the artificial parts of the text are distinguished from the narrative parts, and the reasons for Mirza Haidar's tendency towards literary industries and techniques are also explained.
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Mahdi Asadi; Fatemeh Kazemizadeh
Abstract
With the intensification of nationalism after the First World War and the increase of travel and cultural exchanges, the common feelings between the Persians of India and the supporters of archaic nationalism in Iran intensified. As a result of the growth of nationalism and attention to the issue of ...
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With the intensification of nationalism after the First World War and the increase of travel and cultural exchanges, the common feelings between the Persians of India and the supporters of archaic nationalism in Iran intensified. As a result of the growth of nationalism and attention to the issue of land and nationality, the Persians of India became more interested in their ancestral land and the possibility of returning to it, especially after the start of the war between Muslims and Hindus and the threat to their financial and life security. For intellectuals and supporters of modernism and archaic nationalists who sought strategies to reform Iran's economy and culture in order to overcome what they perceived as a long period of cultural decline, economic poverty, and political weakness, a greater relationship with the Persians of India and gaining support All-round efforts on their part could play an important role. The first Pahlavi government was also influenced by its nationalistic approach and economic policy, and was interested in the migration of Persians from India to Iran. The current research aims to answer this main question: What was the approach of the first Pahlavi government and the Persians of India to the issue of immigration to Iran? The findings of the research, based on first-hand sources and based on historical methods and on the basis of description and analysis, show that despite the initial inclinations of some Indian Persian leaders and the interest of Reza Shah and the comprehensive efforts of the first Pahlavi men's government This issue failed due to the conflict with the British policies in India, the lack of social justice in the eyes of Indian Parsis and the structure of the absolute Pahlavi government and the ambivalence among the Indian Parsis on this issue. the lack of social justice in the eyes of Indian Parsis and the structure of the absolute Pahlavi government and the ambivalence among the Indian Parsis on this issue.
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Abbas Mirzaei; Ali Balvardi
Abstract
Mourning ceremonies related to Muharram have had a special place in the Qajar period, but the views of the Qajar aristocracy and nobility with ordinary people about these ceremonies cannot be considered the same. These two classes have had different traditions in holding mourning ceremonies. In this ...
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Mourning ceremonies related to Muharram have had a special place in the Qajar period, but the views of the Qajar aristocracy and nobility with ordinary people about these ceremonies cannot be considered the same. These two classes have had different traditions in holding mourning ceremonies. In this article, this issue was studied based on the reports written by the foreign travel writers of the Qajar period and it was tried to answer the question of what differences there have been between the mourning traditions of the Qajar aristocracy and nobility and ordinary people based on these travelogues. This hypothesis was followed that the aristocracy and nobility probably held mourning traditions at a different level from that of ordinary people in terms of rituals, luxuries, and expenses because of having greater access to wealth resources. Hence, by examining 22 travelogues, which were based on the travel writers’ objective observations, it was concluded that the aristocracy and nobility differed from ordinary people in terms of their mourning places and forms, as well as expenses. They followed different rituals and customs when holding these ceremonies.
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Homeyra Zomorodi; Mina Akbari Farahani
Abstract
The discussion of moral virtues and vices is one of the common ideas in the moral and mystical beliefs of ancient Iran and India. According to the idea of dualism, vice traits are caused by the forces of evil and darkness, and good traits are influenced by the forces of good and light. Avoiding vices, ...
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The discussion of moral virtues and vices is one of the common ideas in the moral and mystical beliefs of ancient Iran and India. According to the idea of dualism, vice traits are caused by the forces of evil and darkness, and good traits are influenced by the forces of good and light. Avoiding vices, especially the vice of anger, is emphasized in this common thought and its expression in Avesta, Pahlavi, and Manichaean works of ancient Iran and the works of Vedic, Brahminical, and Buddhist literature of ancient India. In the Shahnameh, the battle of these two forces of good and evil can be seen in the thoughts, words and actions of the characters in Ferdowsi's stories and words. In Mawlavi's Masnavi, there is a battle between good and evil in human existence. In this research, the attribute of anger in ancient Iran and India has been investigated based on Shahnameh and Masnavi, with a comparative and analytical method. According to this study, anger is used in the two concepts of the demon of anger and the vice of anger in the works of Iran and ancient India. We can see the reflection and influence of these two concepts in Shahnameh and Masnavi. Therefore, the research shows that the devil makes people feel demonic through the unpleasant attribute of anger and moves them away from the group of goodness and light and closer to the group of evil and darkness. Now, this anger can have a demonic face or a blasphemous quality. Therefore, by analyzing the evidence of the works, we have shown that Ferdowsi and Molavi, as two great poets of the Islamic period, have well expressed these concepts of ancient Iranian and Indian thought in the Shahnameh and Masnavi, and have adhered to the continuity of their ancient Aryan culture.
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shirzad ehsan khah; monireh kazemi arshad; hassan Zandiyehh; manijeh sadri
Abstract
During the Qajar period, due to the emergence and expansion of capitalism and the globalization of the economy, the country's border gates were opened to other countries. In the meantime, Kermanshah, as one of the most important border routes in the country, had a significant share. And in confrontation ...
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During the Qajar period, due to the emergence and expansion of capitalism and the globalization of the economy, the country's border gates were opened to other countries. In the meantime, Kermanshah, as one of the most important border routes in the country, had a significant share. And in confrontation and interaction with the Ottoman government and through it, in contact with other European countries. The arrival of representatives of foreign countries (merchants, Orientalists, religious missionaries, etc.), the establishment of offices such as the Telegraph, the bank, the consulate, etc. The import of Western goods (British fabrics, Turkish tobacco, Danish beers, etc.) led to Manifestations of Western culture are prevalent in this state. The new urban structure and architecture, the grounds for further expansion of Shiism, the introduction of antiquities at the world level, etc. were other cultural consequences of these relations. This research has been done based on travelogues, memoirs, documents, and other sources in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural developments in Kermanshah province in relation to foreign relations in one of the most important periods of Iranian history. Findings show that Iran's foreign relations with European and Ottoman countries, caused other cultural developments such as health promotion, the establishment of schools with new educational content, the formation of the Kermanshah dialect and
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Farzaneh Saniei; Ehsan Ghabool
Abstract
This paper aims to study the image of Iranian women in the Safavid era within the work of French priest Raphael Du Mans entitled the Status of Iran in 1660 . This book is one of the first works written in French about Safavid Iran and its author is unique among European tourists who traveled to Iran ...
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This paper aims to study the image of Iranian women in the Safavid era within the work of French priest Raphael Du Mans entitled the Status of Iran in 1660 . This book is one of the first works written in French about Safavid Iran and its author is unique among European tourists who traveled to Iran due to the length of his stay in Iran (more than half a century) and is also more famous than many other French tourists like Jean Chardin or Jean-Baptiste Tavernier. The present research seeks to first thematically classify the descriptions that Du Mans presents of Iranian women, based on the knowledge and method of imagology and then analyze his evaluative attitude towards Iranian women in each of these themes. Then, the reasons for this attitude are investigated based on intra-textual and extra -textual components. For this purpose the images of women within his book are extracted and classified. These images include women of religious minorities, the position of women inside and outside the house, dancing women, issues related to women's marriage and divorce, and polygamy. Then, by referring to historical resources and also checking the intratextual signs based on imagology the positive or negative evaluation of the images and the context of their formation are analyzed and identified. The result of the research is that most of the images that Du Mans presents of Iranian women have a negative connotation; the reason for which can be found in the purpose of his trip his European sense of superiority and also his ideas about women as a Catholic priest. Most of the images presented in Raphael Du Mans 's book can be considered direct images, because the author has lived in Iran for many years and has made numerous observations
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Negar Avishi; Zahra Hosseinabadi; Marzieh Esfandiari
Abstract
It can be acknowledged that needlework represents the authenticity of the Baloch people, the most well-known and important art of the people of Baluchistan. This beautiful art is sewn in different cities of Sistan and Baluchistan province by the hands of Sistani and Baloch women, but the selection of ...
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It can be acknowledged that needlework represents the authenticity of the Baloch people, the most well-known and important art of the people of Baluchistan. This beautiful art is sewn in different cities of Sistan and Baluchistan province by the hands of Sistani and Baloch women, but the selection of Iranshahr city as the national city of needlework has given special importance to Baloch needlework of this city. Problems such as the sewing of Baloch needlework by foreign nationals and the danger of the authenticity of this valuable art, which is referred to as a national heritage, require a special look at this field. It is necessary to try to identify the problems that stand in the way of Baloch needlework in Iranshahr city and present the effective factors for increasing the employment of Baloch women in this city. What has been considered as the goal of this research is the study of factors affecting the employment of Baloch women in the field of needlework and its effect on the advancement of the region's economy. The required information of the research, which was conducted by descriptive-analytical method, was collected through library and field studies, and the questionnaire tool was also used. The statistical sample of the research is made up of needlewomen from Iranshahr city. After analyzing the obtained data, among the factors affecting the increase of employment of Baloch women in the field of needlework in Iranshahr city and as a result the economic advancement of the region, factors such as allocating fixed salaries to active needlewomen, Attracting the help of investors and setting up the supply chain of raw materials in Sistan and Baluchistan province and as a result reducing the production costs of needlework products and increasing employment in the province, guaranteeing the purchase of needlework products at a fair price , improvement of internet coverage in the villages of Iranshahr and so on.
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hasan Atash Ab parvar; mohamadkarim yousefjamali; Esmaeil sangari; shokouh alsadat Arabi hashemi
Abstract
How the universe was originally created and the creation of natural elements and their fit with numbers has always been of human interest. Although the myths of creation reflect the mindset of primitive man, they often seek a purposeful structure. With the importance and role that water has in life and ...
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How the universe was originally created and the creation of natural elements and their fit with numbers has always been of human interest. Although the myths of creation reflect the mindset of primitive man, they often seek a purposeful structure. With the importance and role that water has in life and has caused it to play a special role in the beliefs of all nations, a group of ancient tribes sought the origin of all creation in water. The existence of water at the beginning of creation based on ancient Iranian texts has always been considered and in the belief of the ancient Iranians, the creation of water takes place after the sky. In pre-Zoroastrian religions and also in Zoroastrian religion, water has always been sacred and goddesses and goddesses were in charge of protecting and guarding it. A significant part of the myths of ancient Iranian religions is dedicated to water. In the cultural and biological system of the early periods of life, humans used special methods to recognize and introduce the phenomena of existence, one of which is myth. Myths are among the first arguments and cognitive explanations of early humans to determine the nature and location of the available and unknown elements of nature, and they include part of the human cognitive system in the beginning of mankind. This research has studied and analyzed the role of sacred numbers three and seven in the creation of waters with a descriptive and analytical approach. The results of the research indicate that numbers influence nature and the objects under their control, and in this way they mediate between God and the world of creation. In between, the number three is more spiritual and has a role in religious belief and Yazidi and good affairs, and the number seven is more material and sometimes spiritual in the creation of water.
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Mohamadjavad Owladhoseyn; Mojtaba Doroodi
Abstract
The subject of the current research is the reading of a new inscription in Mount Hossein, Fars province, Marvdasht Plain, near Naqsh-e Rostam. The discovery of this inscription took place in the last months of 1400 solar year; It has been widely reflected in the news agencies and it has been referred ...
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The subject of the current research is the reading of a new inscription in Mount Hossein, Fars province, Marvdasht Plain, near Naqsh-e Rostam. The discovery of this inscription took place in the last months of 1400 solar year; It has been widely reflected in the news agencies and it has been referred to as an inscription that contains the names of Zoroaster and Amherspandan and as a non-burial inscription. Names whose existence is not observed in this inscription. It will also be seen that the present inscription is among the burial inscriptions. According to the classification of private inscriptions in this region, the present inscription can be mentioned as Naqsh-e Rostam 4, which was written in Middle Persian tradition. Burial inscriptions include an important part of private writings with Zoroastrian tradition, which due to the ritual nature of the historical and cultural collection of Naqsh-e Rostam, most of the inscriptions found in this area also have the same feature. Among the burial inscriptions that have been seen in this before; We can refer to Shāh Ismāʾil rock inscriptions, Darreh Boreh inscriptions, and Gīrd- e lak inscriptions. The present inscription also belongs to the same group of inscriptions. This inscription, measuring 30 x 35 cm, is engraved on top of a coffin in six lines, and it is said to belong to a person named Wahrām ī Mēhrag. According to the date mentioned in the inscription, it is likely to be related to the 6th of May in the year 40 of Yazdgerdi. This year is equal to 672 AD and 53 AH, which is the era of Muawiya's caliphate. Also, in this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the types of structures related to burial in Mount Hossein. The current research was conducted in the field and documents.
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majid ahmad pour
Abstract
The present research aims to explore the significance of revisiting the opinions of Muslim scholars, particularly the prominent Muslim thinker Farabi, in relation to public policy-making in the field of Iranian Islamic architecture. The main question addressed in this study is: "What capacity do the ...
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The present research aims to explore the significance of revisiting the opinions of Muslim scholars, particularly the prominent Muslim thinker Farabi, in relation to public policy-making in the field of Iranian Islamic architecture. The main question addressed in this study is: "What capacity do the opinions of Muslim scholars, both in general and specifically those of Farabi, offer for formulating public policies in the realm of Iranian Islamic architecture within the framework of governance?"To answer this question, the research utilizes the method of document content analysis to examine the opinions of these scholars and categorize their responses. The findings of the study indicate that, from the perspective of Muslim scholars, it is essential to establish a harmonious relationship between opinion and action when dealing with issues related to collective life. They argue that effective public policy-making should be seen as a comprehensive governance tool, rooted in cognitive abilities that understand the reality of human existence. By adopting such an approach, the aim is to propel collective life towards an ideal model based on a value system.The overall implications of these viewpoints provide alternative theories for policy-making in the domain of Iranian Islamic architecture. Therefore, understanding the nuances of opinion and action, adopting a holistic approach to Iranian Islamic architecture, and supporting and overseeing the implementation of public policies are considered significant contributions of Muslim scholars in shaping public policy-making in the field of Iranian Islamic architecture. Farabi's intellectual framework serves as a valuable case study in this regard.
