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Javad Rashki Aliabad; jamshid noroozi
Abstract
The Mongols age was followed by the flourishment of the versified histories like Shahnameh and Eskandarnameh. In this regard, during the Safavid dynasty, a considerable number of historical texts were created in this literary genre. The Historical Shahnameh (history of kings through poetry) created during ...
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The Mongols age was followed by the flourishment of the versified histories like Shahnameh and Eskandarnameh. In this regard, during the Safavid dynasty, a considerable number of historical texts were created in this literary genre. The Historical Shahnameh (history of kings through poetry) created during the Safavid era inherited many of the characteristics of this genre from the historical texts of the previous ages. Nonetheless, due to the specific features of the Safavid dynasty, these literary works had some distinct features and differences compared to the works of the earlier ages. The present paper is done the descriptive-analytical method based on library sourced and investigates the versified histories about the Safavid dynasty, which have been versified in this period. In fact, the purpose of this paper is to introduce the versified histories of this era and show what characteristics and importance their historical content has in historiography of the Safavid era. A total of 9 versified histories in the Safavid era have been investigated which mainly describe historical actions and wars in terms of content. Based on the motivation of the poets of this texts for highlight and eternalize the name of the kings and historical events about them, It can be said that although this texts have historical information but this were created based on the attract please the rulers. However, versified histories of this period are of particular importance by having some first-hand historical data about some events and topics of the Safavid era, helping to confirm or correct the information of prose historical sources and filing some information gaps.
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Yosofali Beiranvand; Mina Khosravi
Abstract
The epic and mythological narratives of the Indo-Iranian peoples have been influenced by each other due to their common origins and long-standing cultural relations. The narrations of Rustam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Ram in Ramayana have many similarities. It can be said that these two characters are ...
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The epic and mythological narratives of the Indo-Iranian peoples have been influenced by each other due to their common origins and long-standing cultural relations. The narrations of Rustam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Ram in Ramayana have many similarities. It can be said that these two characters are born of the long-term cultural relationship between Iran and India. Which of these two books was influenced by the other is hidden from us. We only know that the two characters of Rostam for Iranians and Ram for Indians have a special sanctity and show the magnificence of the epic hero in the mind. This research seeks to investigate the similar and different features of Rostam and Ram's stories with a comparative-analytical method. The similarities and differences between Rostam and Ram in summary are: 1- Birth prediction 2- Appearance beauty 3- Loyalty to the king. The similar friends and enemies of Rostam and Ram are: 1- Afrasiab and Ravana are similar in that they seek power and have inherent evil. Except that Ravana is a demon. 2- White Devil and Raven are similar because they take hostages and the heroes have to fight with them to free the hostages. 3- Keikavus and Sita deceive the demon. 4- Zavareh and Lakashman are brothers and supporters of the hero. The difference between them is that Lakashman is with Ram in most of the events. 5- Tahmineh and Sita are the hero's wives who separated from the hero and gave birth away from him. The difference is that Sita did not hide the father's name from the her children.
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Noor al-Din Nemati; Arwin Ghaemian
Abstract
Britain and the Arab tribes of Khuzestan (1925-1941)AbstractIn the early 20th century, the British government assumed a significant role in shaping the internal landscape of Iran through the acquisition of oil concessions and the establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. However, the eruption of ...
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Britain and the Arab tribes of Khuzestan (1925-1941)AbstractIn the early 20th century, the British government assumed a significant role in shaping the internal landscape of Iran through the acquisition of oil concessions and the establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. However, the eruption of the First World War (1914-1918) and the Russian Revolution (1917) posed a formidable challenge to the continuation of British hegemony over the operational areas of the oil company. Consequently, London embarked on formulating a novel strategy that accorded utmost importance to the consolidation of power within Iran, considering it as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. The ascension of Reza Shah (1925-1941) and his authoritarian approach towards modernization and the centralization of political authority inevitably clashed with the interests of the Arab tribes, leading to population displacement and extensive migration of the Khuzestani tribes to neighboring Arab countries. This study endeavors to address the following question: What was the nature of the relationship between Reza Shah and the Arab tribes of Khuzestan? The central hypothesis posited in this research contends that the support strategy employed by the British government and the oil company, aimed at concentrating political power and fostering modernization in Iran, proved effective in mitigating population displacement and large-scale migration of Arab tribes to neighboring nations.Keyword: Britain, Iran, oil, Arab tribes.AbstractIn the early 20th century, the British government assumed a significant role in shaping the internal landscape of Iran through the acquisition of oil concessions and the establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. However, the eruption of the First World War (1914-1918) and the Russian Revolution (1917) posed a formidable challenge to the continuation of British hegemony over the operational areas of the oil company. Consequently, London embarked on formulating a novel strategy that accorded utmost importance to the consolidation of power within Iran, considering it as the cornerstone of its foreign policy.
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hamid asadpour; Farajolah Ahmadi; hossein Eskandari
Abstract
AbstractMigrations have had political, social, economic, and cultural effects, either intentionally or unintentionally. As the effectiveness of the migration phenomenon, especially in the cultural aspect, is one of the important and significant issues. As an important waterway, the Persian Gulf has been ...
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AbstractMigrations have had political, social, economic, and cultural effects, either intentionally or unintentionally. As the effectiveness of the migration phenomenon, especially in the cultural aspect, is one of the important and significant issues. As an important waterway, the Persian Gulf has been a meeting place of various cultures not only politically and economically, but also culturally. One of these cases is the generally unwanted migration of people of African descent, especially from the eastern parts of this continent, to the shores and rear shores of the Persian Gulf centuries ago and especially in the last two centuries. In addition to being influenced by the residents of these areas, this group has also had a deep impact on the culture of these areas. One of the most important of these effects is the formation and spread of a phenomenon called zar, which is considered one of the subcultures in these areas. In the term, zar is a kind of confusion and distress of people, which they considered to be the result of the actions of evil spirits. The formation and wide spread of the Zar phenomenon has many reasons. The basic question of this research is that what are the causes of the spread and continuation of the zar phenomenon in the shores and backshores of the Persian Gulf? It seems that the lack of a safe haven and the lack of logical reasoning to solve the problems of the residents of the shores and backshores of the Persian Gulf on the one hand and living with many problems in the southern regions of Iran, the many trips of sailors from these areas to the African coasts and the settlement of African descendants on the coasts On the other hand, the Persian Gulf has caused the spread and development of a phenomenon called Zar. Also, this phenomenon has had harmony and similarity with some cultural structures of these areas. This research has been done by relying on library sources and field observations and with descriptive analytical method.
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majid ahmad pour; yahya bouzarinejad
Abstract
The current research aims to investigate the "methodology of architectural planning in Iranian Islamic culture". Because in a sense, architecture can be considered as "wisdom"; Because it is realized both in the context of "knowledge" and it requires "planning"; Architecture is the emergence of a worldview ...
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The current research aims to investigate the "methodology of architectural planning in Iranian Islamic culture". Because in a sense, architecture can be considered as "wisdom"; Because it is realized both in the context of "knowledge" and it requires "planning"; Architecture is the emergence of a worldview that is considered a product of the culture of human societies and at the same time it is also a "transmitter of culture". The main question of the current research is that, in what way has Islamic school of thought, worldview and value system devised the matter of architecture in Iranian culture in two fields of opinion and practice? In response, Islamic culture has determined criteria for the wisdom of matters related to human life, which, as a rule, architecture cannot be independent of those criteria; On the one hand, the transcendence of wisdom is considered to be its connection to the world of affairs and the receipt of God's grace and mercy, and on the other hand, they are involved with their rival currents and propose a special planning system. The compatibility of reason and revelation is one of the characteristics of Islamic practical wisdom in planning. It is considered an architectural matter. A strategic system that does not conflict with human rational achievements due to its connection to the epistemic system of revelation. In particular, in Iran, due to its Shiite background and the field of interaction between narration, reason and intuition, which Muslim sages have constantly theorized and extended wisdom in different dimensions of human life and lived with it, it has a significant capacity to find measures. Wisely, human life has placed before the governance system of Islamic society. In this research, we will discuss the practical wisdom of architectural planning in Iranian Islamic culture
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Ali Shahidi; Soulmaz Javadpour
Abstract
Yasna 38, which is the middle Yasn of the Haft (seven) Ha(t), is devoted to the praise of waters and women/goddesses. In the third and fifth paragraphs of this Yasna, some attributes are used for waters that are either unique or have a very low degree of repetition in the Avesta, and for this reason ...
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Yasna 38, which is the middle Yasn of the Haft (seven) Ha(t), is devoted to the praise of waters and women/goddesses. In the third and fifth paragraphs of this Yasna, some attributes are used for waters that are either unique or have a very low degree of repetition in the Avesta, and for this reason there is ambiguity about their meaning; Especially Ahurānῑ, which some have interpreted as "Ahura’s Wives". By comparing Zand of Yasna 38 and other Pahlavῑ religious texts, it seems that this text is the basis for dividing the types of water in that texts which increases the importance of its investigation. However, Zand's review does not help much to resolve the ambiguity in the meaning of this verse, because in most cases, they have repeated the Avestan word and only added a commentary to it. In some cases, the meaning or interpretation of Pahlavῑ, in terms of etymology and appearance, is not similar to the Avestan word, and it seems that there was no consensus about these words and their meaning at the time that Zand was compiled. The aim of this research was to compare the attributes and phrases expressed in the Avestan text and Zand. These words were translated and found their roots, and the extent of their adaptation was checked in two periods, and an attempt was made to answer these questions: to what extent were the interpretations of the author of Zand. How much were they loyal to the Avestan text, and to what extent has the trustworthiness of the translation been observed in their work, and to what extent have the thoughts and opinions of Sassanid Mobads in influenced this translation and interpretation.
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kaveh Ghanbari; Aliakbar Forati
Abstract
With the defeat of the Sâsaniân authoritarian government, the Middle Persian language gradually faded and disappeared in the Divan (Government organizations). The Pahlavi language was replaced by the Arabic language, which was considered a sacred language in the light of the holiness of the ...
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With the defeat of the Sâsaniân authoritarian government, the Middle Persian language gradually faded and disappeared in the Divan (Government organizations). The Pahlavi language was replaced by the Arabic language, which was considered a sacred language in the light of the holiness of the Holy Quran. In such a situation, every writer and secretary in Iranshahr poured his mind and thought into Arabic, and this language became the language of the elites of the Iranian society and the language of contemporary culture. From writing letters in the courts to writing news and reviews, etc., everything was in Arabic. In this situation, Arab poets of Iranian origin who played the role of connecting Iranian cultural and literary traditions; They introduced the components of Iranian culture into Arabic, the most prominent of which were the Iranshahri festivals, which provided a platform for the rest of the cultural traditions of Iran to be transferred through this channel. In the current research, Iranian festivals in the works of writers and poets of Yatima Al-Dahr book were examined with a literary-historical-social approach. The findings of this research show that Nowruz, Mehrgân, Sadeh, Râm, Âfrijkân, and Khorroz festivals were celebrated in the order of their importance at that time. Nowruz, Mehrgan and Sedeh had more of an occasion aspect and were expressed as court celebrations; Although the century and its ruling atmosphere have been described more than Nowruz and Mehrgân; On the other hand, Ram, Âfrijkân (Abrizgan) and Khorroz (Shab Chele) have been important among the masses of people. In the celebration of songs, the presence of Iranian culture in Arabic poetry is visible in the form of elements such as landscape poems, flowers, colors, Names of kings like Kasra Annoshe-ravan, Ŝahanŝâh (The Imperor) vintage and music
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Homeyra Zomorodi; Bülent akdağ Akdağ
Abstract
This study delves into the works of the Turkic poet Osman Kemal Efendi, commonly known as Osman Kemali. He was a devoted disciple of Jalal al-Din Rumi and a memorizer of the Quran. Rumi's profound engagement with rational and transmitted sciences, literature, jurisprudence, hadith, Quranic exegesis, ...
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This study delves into the works of the Turkic poet Osman Kemal Efendi, commonly known as Osman Kemali. He was a devoted disciple of Jalal al-Din Rumi and a memorizer of the Quran. Rumi's profound engagement with rational and transmitted sciences, literature, jurisprudence, hadith, Quranic exegesis, and the sayings of Imam Ali (AS) provided the fertile ground for the emergence of the most exquisite panegyrics dedicated to Imam Ali (AS) in the Persian literary tradition. This influence has also inspired Osman Kemali's poetry to be crafted in an ethereal style, embodying a genuine affection for the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). The significance of the present research lies in the introduction of a poet unreserved in his expression of love for the household of the Prophet. The primary objective of this study is to examine the extent to which Osman Kemali's poetry is influenced by Rumi. The research methodology is predominantly library-based, supplemented by interviews in certain sections of the study. The theoretical framework is grounded in discourse analysis, drawing on the ideas of Fairclough (2001). Findings indicate that Kemali's poetry is deeply influenced by Rumi in terms of theme and meaning, and it can be posited that the meter of his verses closely resembles that of Rumi's. In contrast to Rumi's poetry, which incorporates both personal and impersonal pronouns, Kemali's work is characterized by a restriction to personal pronouns. Another salient feature of Osman Kemali's poetry is his use of allusion; he employs verses, hadiths, and even Rumi's poetry as allusions throughout nearly all of his works, following Rumi's stylistic approach
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Somayeh Mashayekh; Zohreh Zarshenas
Abstract
Sogdian manuscripts are sorted on different subjects, Sogdian Tales could be distinguished as a genre among them. Henning was the pioneer researcher who traced the Footsteps of Panchatantra stories back in Sogdian Tales. Brief narrations from the main story are one of their characteristics. Fragment ...
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Sogdian manuscripts are sorted on different subjects, Sogdian Tales could be distinguished as a genre among them. Henning was the pioneer researcher who traced the Footsteps of Panchatantra stories back in Sogdian Tales. Brief narrations from the main story are one of their characteristics. Fragment SI 5704,(a document originally based on Nikolai Nikolaevich Krotkov collection which has been later denoted to the Academy of Science) has been detected as a Sogdian short narration of the 13th story of the first Book of Panchatantra is “The story of a tortoise fallen from the wood”. In the Sanskrit text Viṣṇuśarman, an octogenarian Brahmin who is known as the original Autor of the Book, cites a wise quotation from a person called “Manu”, which is not cited in the Sogdiann Tale. According to Hindu Myths, there are many terms refering to,”Manu”: He is the archetypal man in Indo-Germanic languages its meaning sways between “man” and “Human” .There are also 14 mythical rulers of the World named Manu which will rule over the World a Manvantara. The seventh Manu corresponds to the Biblical and Quranic figure Noah. Each Manu rules a Manvantara which is 306,720,000 years. At our age the seventh Manu is the mythical ruler of the World. In Monier Williams Dictionary, the meaning of Manu is addressed as “The man par excellence” this very same definition is used by Ibn Arabi to describe the “Khalif” or the Term الانسان الکامل is the reason of the creation. This paper addresses the meaning to identify the identification of “Manu” with Ibn-Arabi`s “الانسان الکامل” according to the Perennial Philosophy which is usually taken to indicate that some sort of continuous Theme runs throughout the history of philosophy, that certain enduring and lasting truths are recognizable in the philosophical writings of all historical periods by Tracing MANU`s real Identity. 2- Tracing Manu`s etymology in Indo-Germanic Languages. 3- Proof his identity back in Sanskrit sacred soursec.4- Searching an Alter Ego for him. 5- finding his relation to Al-īnsān Al-kāmel reagarding to him as first Man and Adam the first Man, as a Khalīf in Ibn Arabis thoughts.
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Mahmoud Fazilat; Abdolreza Seif; Arad Gholami
Abstract
The roots of many literary stories can be found in historical narratives. In this research, we focus on four historical and literary narratives that have a special type of deception as their motif. At first, we give a summary of each of these four narratives (descriptive level) and then we explain their ...
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The roots of many literary stories can be found in historical narratives. In this research, we focus on four historical and literary narratives that have a special type of deception as their motif. At first, we give a summary of each of these four narratives (descriptive level) and then we explain their commonalities and differences (analytical level). The first narrative is about a Persian man named Zopyrus, who helped Darius the Great to conquer Babylon. The second narrative tells the story of a man from the companions of the ruler of the Hephthalites, who led to the defeat of the Sassanid army by gaining the trust of Peroz I. The third narrative depicts the conflict between crows and owls which ends in favor of the first group with the cleverness and cunning of a crow. The fourth narrative is the story of a Jewish king who, with the trick of his minister, causes internal conflict and mass killing of Christians. In all these narratives, gaining the enemy’s trust by harming oneself is used as a motif, but the method of processing this motif is different in the aforementioned stories. This research, according to its topic and method, is conducted as library research. The findings of this research show that the main plot is the same in these four narratives, but their processing is different. In addition, the historical narrative of Zopyrus can be considered an ancient source for three other narratives; a source that has been neglected until now.
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Hasan Rostami; Abbas ghadimigheydari
Abstract
During the years of constitutionalism, khamse region centered on Zanjan was one of the centers of crisis in the country and due to its proximity to important areas of Tehran and Tabriz and the competition of political groups, it spent years of unrest. Meanwhile, in addition to the political crises of ...
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During the years of constitutionalism, khamse region centered on Zanjan was one of the centers of crisis in the country and due to its proximity to important areas of Tehran and Tabriz and the competition of political groups, it spent years of unrest. Meanwhile, in addition to the political crises of constitutionalism, the enmity of the nobility of the region caused many disturbances.According to the policies of the Qajar patrimonialism government during the Naseri and Mozaffari eras, in the years leading to the constitution, the elite and urban landed gentry of Zanjan (Jahanshah Khan Amirafshar, Zulfiqar Khan Asad al-Dawlah) took over each other’s regions and caused many conflicts in Zanjan and They created Tehran.The basic issue of this research is the relationship between the Qajar governance model and the rivalries and conflicts of the landed aristocracy of Zanjan and the consequences and results of these policies and rivalries. According to the model of the patrimonial government, during the period of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, by selling and giving khalese lands to influential people and top groups, the necessary conditions were provided to acquire other lands in the khamse region, and due to the weakness of the executive institutions of Qajar and Those in power in Tehran and Zanjan did not fulfill the wishes of the people.In the following decades, this defeat paved the way for pursuing the demands of the Zanjan landowner nobility, and this time the descendants of nobility were determined to recapture the lands of khamse region, and a period of instability and insecurity arose in Zanjan. The result of these policies and the inefficiencies of the Qajar government and the executive elements in Tehran and Zanjan was the hardship and homelessness of the people. The present article has investigated the issue by collecting library and documentary data and using original sources such as newspapers in a descriptive-explanatory way.
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Mansoureh Shahriyari
Abstract
The hands of history are the source of the majority of the protagonists in our lyrical, epic, dramatic, and didactic literature. Bahram Gur is one of these characters, whose rule in historical sources is enriched by legends in literary sources. His popularity has garnered the attention of historians, ...
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The hands of history are the source of the majority of the protagonists in our lyrical, epic, dramatic, and didactic literature. Bahram Gur is one of these characters, whose rule in historical sources is enriched by legends in literary sources. His popularity has garnered the attention of historians, writers, and artists, among others, among the Sassanid monarchs. This research investigates this character in the fields of history and literature from a descriptive and analytical perspective, utilizing library sources. Because the narratives concerning Bahram Gur have been recounted in historical and literary sources with distinctions, they have all pursued the same objective: the education of society members. This research seeks to address the question of how writers, historians, and writers in general perceive stories as an educational instrument. In order to elucidate this matter, we have first examined the perspectives of historians regarding the aforementioned character. Subsequently, we have examined the character of Bahram in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, Nizami’s Haftpakir, and other historical sources. The results suggest that, despite the fact that a character is the focal point of these studies, distinct analyses have been produced based on their respective perspectives. The objective of historical texts is no longer limited to the mere description of facts when viewed from a literary perspective and utilizing the elements of emotion and imagination. The poet or writer may also aim to achieve other objectives in addition to the creation of beauty. Ferdowsi and Nizami have analyzed and described Bahram’s character. In fact, despite the disparity in their modes of expression, these two leaders of the literary world have occasionally diverged from the historical aspect and have crafted educational narratives that incorporate historical evasions.
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Mohammad Amir Mashhadhi; Sara Nezamdoost
Abstract
The sixth century is the peak of the use of astronomical terms in Persian poetry and prose. One of the most prominent and prominent works in the use of terms and information of astronomy in Persian literature is the Maghamat of Qazi Hamiduddin Balkhi (559 AD), which he authored in 551. The purpose of ...
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The sixth century is the peak of the use of astronomical terms in Persian poetry and prose. One of the most prominent and prominent works in the use of terms and information of astronomy in Persian literature is the Maghamat of Qazi Hamiduddin Balkhi (559 AD), which he authored in 551. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the use of astronomy in Hamidi Maghamat in a descriptive-analytical way and to answer the question of how and for what purpose Hamiduddin Balkhi used astronomy and its tools in Maghamat. Therefore, by extracting samples from this tract, the authors have analyzed it in terms of the mentioned topic. The results of the research show that Hamiduddin Balkhi has used the science of astronomy skillfully and with full knowledge. Allocating an Maghame (20th) in Maghamat to astronomy shows the importance of the subject. From the point of view of the authors, the most important reasons for the use of astronomy in the authorities are to show the author's abilities and to express his grace and knowledge in the use of astronomy, the imaginative literary and artistic effects of the tract, to introduce the tract to the audience and also to indicate his religious beliefs, so that in this way, his tract be honored and after him, its immortality will be preserved.
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Abbas Ali Rezaei Nia; Mehdi Mousavinia
Abstract
A part of the identity and culture of the people of Iran has been preserved in the framework of native and local games. In Iran land, many local and diverse sports are performed in various ceremonies. Among these games that have gained a national aspect in Iranian culture is the game of polo, which has ...
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A part of the identity and culture of the people of Iran has been preserved in the framework of native and local games. In Iran land, many local and diverse sports are performed in various ceremonies. Among these games that have gained a national aspect in Iranian culture is the game of polo, which has been passed down from one generation to the next and continues to exist. Polo has a high place in Iranian culture and has gone beyond a mere game and is connected with the value and intellectual system of Iranian society. Our understanding of the polo game relies more on historical texts, literature, and artifacts. But the gap that can be seen in this field is the examination of the phenomena and evidence of polo games from the perspective of intangible cultural heritage. Therefore, the purpose of the present article is to know the place, importance, and explanation of the polo match as one of the components of identity in the culture of Iranian people with a descriptive-analytical method. In order to achieve this goal, the game of polo has been considered in various fields of oral traditions, social customs, and performing arts. First, the toponyms that are connected with polo have been checked. Then, the evidence of playing polo among native and local games has been discussed. And it tried to identify the signs of polo and to express its similarities and differences among different regions. The result of the research showed that the polo game was customary not only among the nobles and elders but also among the ordinary people of Iran. Eleven places related to polo, as well as holding it in different regions of Iran, both on horseback and on foot, are a sign of people's deep connection with this game. The polo match has played an effective role not only as a national game but also as an efficient cultural element in the cultural and social life of Iranian society.This game has reflected the attitudes of Iranians in people's lives and has contributed to the continuity of their cultural traditions.
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Hamidreza Fahandezhsaadi; Abdolreza seif
Abstract
Tazkira al-Awliyâ is one of the first books in Persian language, which mentions the sayings and biographies of ascetics and Sufis in a unified way, and it is also among the first Persian works that have been edited in a scientific and modern way (1905) and this itself is a proof of the value and ...
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Tazkira al-Awliyâ is one of the first books in Persian language, which mentions the sayings and biographies of ascetics and Sufis in a unified way, and it is also among the first Persian works that have been edited in a scientific and modern way (1905) and this itself is a proof of the value and importance of this eternal letter of Attâr Nishâburi. Undoubtedly, such a great work requires diverse and innovative researches, and a number of editors and researchers have made valuable efforts in this direction; However, this book still has very important points and hidden angles that have not been addressed, and in this article, an effort has been made to point out ten of them in order to make this work as effective as possible: First, a short introduction about the Tazkira al-Awliyâ and the issue of attributing it to Attâr is presented. And then about issues such as "the suspicion of the nil", the omission of an important name in the mention of Abu Hafs Haddâd, the lack of discipleship of Abu al-Qasim Korrakâni under Abu Osmân Maqrebi, about the attribution of a speech to Abu Mohammad Jariri, the identification of one of the declarations of Tazkira by the name of Sa’laba Ansâri, the invalidity of Abu Ali Rudbâri's genealogy, the family relationship of Abu Amr Nojayd and Abu Abd al-Rahman Solami, the relationship between Ibn Xafif and Jonayd Baqdâdi, the relationship between Amr ibn Osmân Makki and Ja’far Xoldi, and the correct date of death of Mohammad ibn Aslam Tusi will be discussed with reference to authentic documents.
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ُShayesteh Sadat Mousavi; Pariya shateriyan
Abstract
Metamorphism of mega-metaphors signifies the historical ruptures. The political and social concepts expose themselves in new configuration and evolve in companion with the historical transformations. Conceptual History or The History of Concepts is from new disciplines of History studies which surveys ...
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Metamorphism of mega-metaphors signifies the historical ruptures. The political and social concepts expose themselves in new configuration and evolve in companion with the historical transformations. Conceptual History or The History of Concepts is from new disciplines of History studies which surveys these conceptual evolutions. Conceptual History is a proper framework to observe the articulation of social- cultural concepts. This discipline shows how the concepts transform through the threshold eras (Sattelzeit) and transfer toward the future. Nevertheless, neglect of apparently non-political traits such as allegories, metaphors, myths, etc. could be regarded as one of the biggest deficiencies of this scope. In this paper, which is based on the Conceptual History Project of Reinhart Koselleck, we will observe the role of allegories and metaphors in conceptualization of the words and how they make the words enter the modern era loaded by a new conceptual connotation. Homeland, as one of the greatest keywords of the modern era, has been the focus point of this research. This word, along with a large number of other words, assume a new conceptual connotation in the constitutional era - which must be regarded as one of the main threshold eras of Iran's history-. As we will see, grafting to the concepts like woman, mother, home, etc. homeland breaks out of the lexical mold and evolves into a modern concept.
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kurosh salehi
Abstract
The effect of expanding the scope of central security on Iran's economic situation during the period of Shah Abbas IAbstractThe effect of expanding the scope of central security during the period of Shah Abbas I had a valuable role on the order and order of affairs and commercial prosperity. Considering ...
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The effect of expanding the scope of central security on Iran's economic situation during the period of Shah Abbas IAbstractThe effect of expanding the scope of central security during the period of Shah Abbas I had a valuable role on the order and order of affairs and commercial prosperity. Considering the significant increase in the power of the local tribal centers and the relative passivity of the central government towards these centers in previous periods; The general development of the country's security and the important issue of economic prosperity in this domain; It was considered the most important factor in changing the general situation. With the accession of Shah Abbas I, this cycle underwent a general change, and the change in the formation of ethnic groups, ways and internal security equations and its supervision was the main part of these changes. This research, organized by historical method, revolves around the question, what was Shah Abbas I's goal of expanding the scope of central security? Based; The purpose of choosing the new capital, migration and arrangement of ethnic groups in the capital and the roads leading to it, paying attention to the roads, building numerous caravanserais, eliminating the sources of insecurity and strengthening the central security of the government; It was one of the most important measures of Shah Abbas I towards economic prosperity of the country. The result of the research shows that these measures of the security sector caused the formation of a new atmosphere in the field of general security and the important principle of the movement of commercial caravans and the expansion of the scope of citizenship laws in a way that in a relatively short period of time, the general atmosphere of the country towards balance and the speed of economic prosperity progress has been made.
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Mahboubeh Shabani Jafroudi; seyedehmamak salavatian; alireza nikouei; Samereh Asadi majreh
Abstract
The influence of the mental processes of the artist during the creation of the artwork is obvious. In this regard, Carl Gustav Jung, the psychoanalyst, found ancient patterns in the human collective psyche, by studying dreams and myths, which have been manifested many times in human creations throughout ...
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The influence of the mental processes of the artist during the creation of the artwork is obvious. In this regard, Carl Gustav Jung, the psychoanalyst, found ancient patterns in the human collective psyche, by studying dreams and myths, which have been manifested many times in human creations throughout the history. The expansion of this idea led to the creation of archetypal approach that has been effective in humanities and art researches. In this attitude, the artwork is considered as psycho of its creator, and the metaphors inside it are interpreted based on specific archetypes. Among the different types of art, architecture and in this research, "the architecture of the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era", has trans-physical ideas in addition to the material side. The traditional architecture of Iran has been various and rich aspects of the culture and beliefs, therefore provides an opportunity to reflect on the manifestations of collective unconscious. This research has sought to understand the implicit concepts and common themes between two archetypes of the Self and the Individualization Process, in Jung's theories and the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era. the research questions are explained as follows: What are the themes related to archetypes of the self and and the Individualization Process in the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran? On which components of the traditional houses, the archetypes of the Self and and the Individualization Process have been manifested? The research method is qualitative content analysis with the interaction of inductive and comparative approaches with phenomenology attitude. The reliability of the research in the quantitative part is determined by applying Cronbach's alpha coefficient in Spss software. The single-sample T-test confirms the research hypotheses. The results of the research show that the common themes such as "centrality", "coexistence of opposites", "introversion", "Mandala geometry", "hierarchy" and "unity" between the archetypes of the self and the individualization process in Jung's theory and the architectural principles and components of the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era.
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Seyyed Hasan Ghazavi; Mohammad Mehdi Salmanpour; Mohammad Esmaeil Esmaeili Jelodar
Abstract
Introduction:The southwestern regions of Iran have been receptive to Shiism since the first decades of the rise of Islam. The presence of many companions of great imams who came from that area or lived in those areas at the same time, as well as many Sadats who migrated to those areas at the beginning ...
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Introduction:The southwestern regions of Iran have been receptive to Shiism since the first decades of the rise of Islam. The presence of many companions of great imams who came from that area or lived in those areas at the same time, as well as many Sadats who migrated to those areas at the beginning of Islam, is clear proof of this. After their death, the graves of these Sadats were a refuge for the people of faith and became a shrine (Imamzadeh), which the people and the Shia/Shiite governments of that time tried to honor.From the beginning of the fourth century, these regions were under the control of the powerful Shiite Al-e-Buyeh government for a period of more than one hundred and twenty years. Imamzadeh Hamzeh in Dehdasht city of Kohkiloyeh and Boyerahmad province is one of these works. This building is one of the oldest buildings in the region with its unique wooden door. This wooden door is available in the Islamic section of the National Museum of Iran under number 3292, and the place of its discovery is Behbahan. Some researchers, considering its dimensions and historical studies, consider this door the same as the lost door of Imamzade Hamzeh Dehdasht. This door was removed about eighty years ago in the twenties by the person who was the head of the Behbehan Culture office and moved to Behbehban and then was transferred to Tehran and the Museum of Ancient Iran.Research method, approach, and purpose:The method of collecting information in this research was a library (reading texts) and examining museum objects. The research method is descriptive and analytical with a historical approach. The purpose of the current research is a comprehensive analysis along with the examination of the themes and messages engraved on this historical door, which socially recounts the political and cultural conditions of the Shiites at the time and the powerful presence of the Shia/Shiite religion in that region, as well as the correct reading of the inscriptions on the door and its subtleties and historical points of this religion.Background Research:With the study done about the background of the subject of this research in written and oral sources, including (Arabic and Persian) in the first centuries of Islam, no independent article was found, only two articles are available in this regard as described below:First: an article entitled "The history and visual characteristics of the decorations on the woodwork door of the Imamzadeh of Hamzah Dehdasht from the Al Boyeh period (preserved in the National Museum of Iran)" which was published by Mahsa Tendro, Mohammad Khazaei, and Seyed Abu Torab Ahmed Panah in the Journal of Islamic Art Studies (Tandro and others, 2020).Second: The article "Comparative study of the design and decorative structure of the Kufic inscriptions of the Al Boyeh period (a wooden door in the National Museum of Iran and the wooden slabs of Astan Imam Ali (a.s.) in the Arab Museum of Cairo)" written by Mahsa Tundro, Mohammad Khazaei in two quarterly journals The artificial arts of Iran have been published (Tandro and Khazaei, 1400). Khazaei is the first person who paid attention to the same dimensions of the door in the museum and the entrance of Imamzadeh and a few years ago, he considered the door in the museum as the missing door of Imamzadeh. Also, the research of Mrs. Mehrangiz Karmi Mehraban (2013) has been devoted to introducing the buildings of Dehdasht city and investigating their architecture. Abdullah Quchani (1987) also referred to this door in an article entitled "Research on the wooden inscriptions of Iran" and reread parts of its inscriptions, but did not read the inscriptions related to the historical part. Finally, Qobad Kianmehr (2013) briefly mentioned this door in his doctoral dissertation and introduced it as one of the works related to the fifth-century AH.Research findings:The wooden door attributed to Imamzade Seyyed Hamzeh Dehdasht, with its heritage and artistic value, has two hinges, each consisting of two squares at the top and bottom and a rectangle in the middle. Among each rectangular shape on the sides of the door, there are five geometric shapes, two circles at the top and bottom and a rhombus in the middle.The dimensions of this door are 196 x 110 cm. (Tandro, Khazaei and Ahmad Panah, 2020: 116). Its religious inscriptions are verses from the Holy Qur'an (Surah Mubarakah Yas), a prayer from the Sahifa Sajjadiyeh, and the prayer "Allahum Aruzqana Tawfiq al-Ta'a..." which was narrated by Imam Zaman (peace be upon him). Also, in the circles and rhombuses between the doors, on the right side, from top to bottom, the phrases "Muhammad", "Ali", "Fatemeh", "Hasan" and "Hussein" and on the left side, from top to bottom, the phrases "Ya Manan", "Ya Hanan", "Al-Zahra", "Al-Sultan" and "Ya Subhan" are written.The historical inscriptions on the door, which are placed in the upper and lower four parts of the square shape, contain the name of the person who ordered the construction of the building. In the analysis of the themes of the inscriptions of this door, the previous reading of the door inscriptions had many errors, and the subtleties and precise historical and religious points were left out of the author's view, which was corrected in this article. For example, regarding the wrong context of the door inscriptions by respected writers, it should be said that the text presented by them from two short prayers of Sahifa Sajjadiyeh and Imam Zaman's prayer has at least seventeen mistakes.Also, the study of textual sources, inscription themes, and archaeological arguments about the Imamzadeh door of Hamza Dehdasht shows that the construction of this valuable door was done by Abu Mansour Fouladston. he ordered the construction of this building between 441 and 448 one of the times he dominated the Arjan region. Also, according to textual sources, today the oldest evidence of Imam Zaman's prayers are two books from the end of the 9th century by Kafami. In this way, the inclusion of this prayer on the door of the Imamzadeh has given proof that is more than four hundred years old compared to the two mentioned books, which is also clear evidence of the validity of the said prayer and the dominance of Shiism in the region at that time. It is clear that the existence of this prayer in an archeological document, which is an objective first-hand source in terms of credibility, has a very high citation value compared to the narrations recorded in written texts.Regarding the themes of the historical inscriptions of this door, which is the main subject of this article, it should be said that the opening verses of Surah Mubarakah Yas and the prayer of Sahifa Sajjadiyeh, the special dimensions of the door and the special attention to the centrality of Hazrat Zahra (peace be upon him) in the forms on the door have religious messages that are important to Shiism. Because the building in question has attracted the attention of ordinary people more than anything else, they are a reflection of the Shiite context of the time, which was discussed in detail in the text. The last point is that considering the incompleteness of a part of Imam Zaman's prayer and also a part of the prayer of Sahifa Sajjadiyeh, the assumption of the second door of this Imamzadeh is not far from the mind, so there was probably another door on which the rest of the inscription was written.
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azar ardianian; foad pouraryan; mirhadi hoseeini; hossein moftakhari
Abstract
The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant ...
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The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant factor for strengthening the body of military authority of the Pahlavi government, which has great impacts on the political, social and historical transformation of Iran specially in that period of restless caused by the initiation of the second world wars. since the international issues were changing rapidly and Iran, in a special geographical position, was attracting the attention of powerful governments in order to protect their interests in the Middle East. In terms of this point of view, paying attention to this crucial element was very important in the continuation of the political rule of the first Pahlavi government so neglecting this matter, was not possible.Based on library sources, descriptive-analytical and cliometric method, the current research is seeking to answer these questions: what were the effects of telegraph network development during the Pahlavi regime? And the budget allocated to this ministry was in line with the development of military power or not? The findings indicate that Reza Shah's efforts to modernize Iran led to the development of the telegraph network as a very practical facility, which was not only as a result of expanding the lines caused by international political conditions, but also a factor for Iran's reformation and revolution in the middle of that time. This network was considered as one of the main components of the expansion of military rule in the country, however, its budget did not grow significantly during Reza Shah's sovereignty. But the budget of the ministry did not grow significantly. The significance of the present research is that it can provide valuable information based on the published statistics related to the dedicated budget to this ministry in the first Pahlavi era and clarify the ambiguous political and social aspects of the society.
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Hashem Kazemi; Mostafa Dehpahlavan
Abstract
The beginning of the Parthian dynasty and the identity of Arsaces I as the head of this dynasty is one of the most mysterious parts of Parthian history. Based on the analysis of the written sources regarding the identity of Arsaces, these sources can be divided into two different historiographical traditions: ...
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The beginning of the Parthian dynasty and the identity of Arsaces I as the head of this dynasty is one of the most mysterious parts of Parthian history. Based on the analysis of the written sources regarding the identity of Arsaces, these sources can be divided into two different historiographical traditions: one by Apollodorus and his followers Justin and Strabo, and the other by Arrian and his followers (Photius, Zosimus, Syncellus, Dio). Meanwhile, a narrative has been more welcomed among Parthian history and archeology researchers. According to this narrative, Arsaces was a Scythian who was the head of the Aparni tribe of the Dahae union. Then, based on this version of the origin of the Parthians, in the middle of the 3rd century BC, Arsaces took advantage of the confusion of the Seleucid empire in the west and together with the Aparni, captured the Seleucid state of Parthia and and provided the foundation for the formation of the Parthian Empire. The main reference and the most effective spreader of the concept of nomadic and Scythian Parthians is Strabo. He was inspired by the older Hellenistic historians in understanding the origin of the Parthians, however, none of them lived before the second century BC. In this research, the researchers based on archaeological evidence and analysis of written sources, say that the Arrian historiography tradition and his followers based on the fact that Arsaces was a native Parthian are closer to the political and social realities of the Parthian period, and we argue that Arsaces I was never able to create a kingdom comparable to the Seleucid Empire, he just managed a tributary state under the rule of the Seleucids. The establishment of the Parthian kingdom based on local and Parthian elements could have taken place only after the reign of Antiochus III (223/2-187b.c). In fact, there is no direct or indirect evidence for the Parthian Empire in Iran in the 3rd century b.c. If the early Parthian kingdom had essentially a territorial foundation, it could not have been anything more than a regional power.
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Rouhollah Hadi; Mohammad Sarwar mawlaie; Siddiqullah Kalakani
Abstract
Abstract
Sanai's has a special place in both Dari/Persian poetry history and the changes he made in terms of content, especially erfan, wisdom and advice, and according to Sanai scholars, Persian poetry in ghazel and qasida owe it to Sanai to this day. Unfortunately, Hakim Sanai did not receive the ...
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Abstract
Sanai's has a special place in both Dari/Persian poetry history and the changes he made in terms of content, especially erfan, wisdom and advice, and according to Sanai scholars, Persian poetry in ghazel and qasida owe it to Sanai to this day. Unfortunately, Hakim Sanai did not receive the attention he deserved in Iran and Afghanistan until the fourteenth century for several reasons, except for the publication of Divan, Masnawi, and Sanai's biography. Some new and serious research on Sanai is conducted in recent decades through independent writings and research and master's and doctoral dissertations, especially in Iran.
Sanai-ology research in Afghanistan is similar in some respects to what has been done in Iran. Ranging from writing general, thematic, and specific articles to editing and publishing his works, to explaining some of Hakim Ghaznawi’s Masnavi such as Sairul-Ebaad to Hadiqah and writing independent books about his life; works, thoughts, circumstances and answering controversial questions among scholars and critics of the works in Iran and the use of research and studies by Iranian scholars; knowledge on these and the findings of Sanai scholars in Afghanistan can provide a broader horizon for Sanai scholars. The culmination of Sanai studies in Afghanistan is the holding of a conference on the 900th anniversary of Sanai, in which valuable research such as the description of Sir al-'Ebbad, the correction of Hadiqah, and the writing of research articles on Sanai and his works have been conducted. In the last two decades, the description of about a thousand verses of Hadiqatul haqiqa done by professor Ab. Ahad ashrati is, among other things, a better example that will follow In this article, an attempt has been made to review and critic the research findings of the scho.
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Mohammadali Parghoo; Javad Alipoor Silab
Abstract
One of the interesting and neglected topics in the social history studies of Iran is how to deal with natural and climatic challenges, including hot or cold winds. An important example of these winds has been referred to by historians, geographers, and physicians in various sources as the " Samum wind", ...
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One of the interesting and neglected topics in the social history studies of Iran is how to deal with natural and climatic challenges, including hot or cold winds. An important example of these winds has been referred to by historians, geographers, and physicians in various sources as the " Samum wind", Therefore , the current research aims to answer the question, what were the characteristics of " Samum wind" and how to deal with it in the Iranian medicine system? In the first step, this article examines the geographical distribution and history, and in the second step, it explains the cognitive and behavioral approach of physicians in dealing with Samum wind and its complications. The findings of the present research based on the analytical descriptive approach indicate that: Samum wind was considered a climatic challenge in different historical periods and different geographical regions. The geographical area where this wind blows in Iran primarily includes the southern regions (east-west) and the period of its blowing is from late spring to late summer. In terms of quality, the main characteristics of the Samum wind were: heat and dryness. The blowing of this wind caused problems for the region's human, plant, and animal life. confrontation to Samum wind caused fatal physical effects on the person's body, which physicians called " Samum zadegi". Preventive measures to deal with the heat and Samum wind and a variety of treatment methods to eliminate the side effects of facing this wind have been presented by physicians in the framework of Akhlati medicine: ((four temperaments). The current research is an interdisciplinary study with a historical approach. The necessary information has been collected by the library method from historical, geographical, and medical sources that are mostly ignored in historical research. The method of presenting the content is descriptive-analytical.
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Elham Torkashvand; Ali Mohammadi
Abstract
Rashidi's history belongs to Timurid period, was written by Mirza Haidar Doghlat and its subject is to explain events and conflicts that happened to some of descendants of Genghis Khan and Mirzayan Doghlat and were written by historians. The scene of these conflicts is parts of present-day China, Uzbekistan, ...
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Rashidi's history belongs to Timurid period, was written by Mirza Haidar Doghlat and its subject is to explain events and conflicts that happened to some of descendants of Genghis Khan and Mirzayan Doghlat and were written by historians. The scene of these conflicts is parts of present-day China, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. This book was written about five centuries ago, in Kashmir and outside the geographical area of Iran, by a literate Mongol who had learned it in the Herat School. Apart from the historical events of this precious book, which is one of most unique historical books of Timurid period, this book can also be examined from a literary and rhetorical point of view. The results of this research show that the author has flourished his genius in the field of literature by using verbal and spiritual crafts as well as using a special method of narration. As a classical writer, he has tried to write his writings, both in terms of content and in terms of literary form, wisely and favored by scholars and literati. Hence, Rashidi's history, apart from historical propositions, contains literary and rhetorical flavors that have a worthy effect on the feelings and emotions of the audience. In this research, which has been done in a library manner, by giving examples and explaining them, the artificial parts of the text are distinguished from the narrative parts, and the reasons for Mirza Haidar's tendency towards literary industries and techniques are also explained.
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Mahdi Asadi; Fatemeh Kazemizadeh
Abstract
With the intensification of nationalism after the First World War and the increase of travel and cultural exchanges, the common feelings between the Persians of India and the supporters of archaic nationalism in Iran intensified. As a result of the growth of nationalism and attention to the issue of ...
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With the intensification of nationalism after the First World War and the increase of travel and cultural exchanges, the common feelings between the Persians of India and the supporters of archaic nationalism in Iran intensified. As a result of the growth of nationalism and attention to the issue of land and nationality, the Persians of India became more interested in their ancestral land and the possibility of returning to it, especially after the start of the war between Muslims and Hindus and the threat to their financial and life security. For intellectuals and supporters of modernism and archaic nationalists who sought strategies to reform Iran's economy and culture in order to overcome what they perceived as a long period of cultural decline, economic poverty, and political weakness, a greater relationship with the Persians of India and gaining support All-round efforts on their part could play an important role. The first Pahlavi government was also influenced by its nationalistic approach and economic policy, and was interested in the migration of Persians from India to Iran. The current research aims to answer this main question: What was the approach of the first Pahlavi government and the Persians of India to the issue of immigration to Iran? The findings of the research, based on first-hand sources and based on historical methods and on the basis of description and analysis, show that despite the initial inclinations of some Indian Persian leaders and the interest of Reza Shah and the comprehensive efforts of the first Pahlavi men's government This issue failed due to the conflict with the British policies in India, the lack of social justice in the eyes of Indian Parsis and the structure of the absolute Pahlavi government and the ambivalence among the Indian Parsis on this issue. the lack of social justice in the eyes of Indian Parsis and the structure of the absolute Pahlavi government and the ambivalence among the Indian Parsis on this issue.
