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Hashem Kazemi; Mostafa Dehpahlavan
Abstract
The beginning of the Parthian dynasty and the identity of Arsaces I as the head of this dynasty is one of the most mysterious parts of Parthian history. Based on the analysis of the written sources regarding the identity of Arsaces, these sources can be divided into two different historiographical traditions: ...
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The beginning of the Parthian dynasty and the identity of Arsaces I as the head of this dynasty is one of the most mysterious parts of Parthian history. Based on the analysis of the written sources regarding the identity of Arsaces, these sources can be divided into two different historiographical traditions: one by Apollodorus and his followers Justin and Strabo, and the other by Arrian and his followers (Photius, Zosimus, Syncellus, Dio). Meanwhile, a narrative has been more welcomed among Parthian history and archeology researchers. According to this narrative, Arsaces was a Scythian who was the head of the Aparni tribe of the Dahae union. Then, based on this version of the origin of the Parthians, in the middle of the 3rd century BC, Arsaces took advantage of the confusion of the Seleucid empire in the west and together with the Aparni, captured the Seleucid state of Parthia and and provided the foundation for the formation of the Parthian Empire. The main reference and the most effective spreader of the concept of nomadic and Scythian Parthians is Strabo. He was inspired by the older Hellenistic historians in understanding the origin of the Parthians, however, none of them lived before the second century BC. In this research, the researchers based on archaeological evidence and analysis of written sources, say that the Arrian historiography tradition and his followers based on the fact that Arsaces was a native Parthian are closer to the political and social realities of the Parthian period, and we argue that Arsaces I was never able to create a kingdom comparable to the Seleucid Empire, he just managed a tributary state under the rule of the Seleucids. The establishment of the Parthian kingdom based on local and Parthian elements could have taken place only after the reign of Antiochus III (223/2-187b.c). In fact, there is no direct or indirect evidence for the Parthian Empire in Iran in the 3rd century b.c. If the early Parthian kingdom had essentially a territorial foundation, it could not have been anything more than a regional power.
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Rouhollah Hadi; Mohammad Sarwar mawlaie; Siddiqullah Kalakani
Abstract
Abstract
Sanai's has a special place in both Dari/Persian poetry history and the changes he made in terms of content, especially erfan, wisdom and advice, and according to Sanai scholars, Persian poetry in ghazel and qasida owe it to Sanai to this day. Unfortunately, Hakim Sanai did not receive the ...
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Abstract
Sanai's has a special place in both Dari/Persian poetry history and the changes he made in terms of content, especially erfan, wisdom and advice, and according to Sanai scholars, Persian poetry in ghazel and qasida owe it to Sanai to this day. Unfortunately, Hakim Sanai did not receive the attention he deserved in Iran and Afghanistan until the fourteenth century for several reasons, except for the publication of Divan, Masnawi, and Sanai's biography. Some new and serious research on Sanai is conducted in recent decades through independent writings and research and master's and doctoral dissertations, especially in Iran.
Sanai-ology research in Afghanistan is similar in some respects to what has been done in Iran. Ranging from writing general, thematic, and specific articles to editing and publishing his works, to explaining some of Hakim Ghaznawi’s Masnavi such as Sairul-Ebaad to Hadiqah and writing independent books about his life; works, thoughts, circumstances and answering controversial questions among scholars and critics of the works in Iran and the use of research and studies by Iranian scholars; knowledge on these and the findings of Sanai scholars in Afghanistan can provide a broader horizon for Sanai scholars. The culmination of Sanai studies in Afghanistan is the holding of a conference on the 900th anniversary of Sanai, in which valuable research such as the description of Sir al-'Ebbad, the correction of Hadiqah, and the writing of research articles on Sanai and his works have been conducted. In the last two decades, the description of about a thousand verses of Hadiqatul haqiqa done by professor Ab. Ahad ashrati is, among other things, a better example that will follow In this article, an attempt has been made to review and critic the research findings of the scho.
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Mohammadali Parghoo; Javad Alipoor Silab
Abstract
One of the interesting and neglected topics in the social history studies of Iran is how to deal with natural and climatic challenges, including hot or cold winds. An important example of these winds has been referred to by historians, geographers, and physicians in various sources as the " Samum wind", ...
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One of the interesting and neglected topics in the social history studies of Iran is how to deal with natural and climatic challenges, including hot or cold winds. An important example of these winds has been referred to by historians, geographers, and physicians in various sources as the " Samum wind", Therefore , the current research aims to answer the question, what were the characteristics of " Samum wind" and how to deal with it in the Iranian medicine system? In the first step, this article examines the geographical distribution and history, and in the second step, it explains the cognitive and behavioral approach of physicians in dealing with Samum wind and its complications. The findings of the present research based on the analytical descriptive approach indicate that: Samum wind was considered a climatic challenge in different historical periods and different geographical regions. The geographical area where this wind blows in Iran primarily includes the southern regions (east-west) and the period of its blowing is from late spring to late summer. In terms of quality, the main characteristics of the Samum wind were: heat and dryness. The blowing of this wind caused problems for the region's human, plant, and animal life. confrontation to Samum wind caused fatal physical effects on the person's body, which physicians called " Samum zadegi". Preventive measures to deal with the heat and Samum wind and a variety of treatment methods to eliminate the side effects of facing this wind have been presented by physicians in the framework of Akhlati medicine: ((four temperaments). The current research is an interdisciplinary study with a historical approach. The necessary information has been collected by the library method from historical, geographical, and medical sources that are mostly ignored in historical research. The method of presenting the content is descriptive-analytical.
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Elham Torkashvand; Ali Mohammadi
Abstract
Rashidi's history belongs to Timurid period, was written by Mirza Haidar Doghlat and its subject is to explain events and conflicts that happened to some of descendants of Genghis Khan and Mirzayan Doghlat and were written by historians. The scene of these conflicts is parts of present-day China, Uzbekistan, ...
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Rashidi's history belongs to Timurid period, was written by Mirza Haidar Doghlat and its subject is to explain events and conflicts that happened to some of descendants of Genghis Khan and Mirzayan Doghlat and were written by historians. The scene of these conflicts is parts of present-day China, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. This book was written about five centuries ago, in Kashmir and outside the geographical area of Iran, by a literate Mongol who had learned it in the Herat School. Apart from the historical events of this precious book, which is one of most unique historical books of Timurid period, this book can also be examined from a literary and rhetorical point of view. The results of this research show that the author has flourished his genius in the field of literature by using verbal and spiritual crafts as well as using a special method of narration. As a classical writer, he has tried to write his writings, both in terms of content and in terms of literary form, wisely and favored by scholars and literati. Hence, Rashidi's history, apart from historical propositions, contains literary and rhetorical flavors that have a worthy effect on the feelings and emotions of the audience. In this research, which has been done in a library manner, by giving examples and explaining them, the artificial parts of the text are distinguished from the narrative parts, and the reasons for Mirza Haidar's tendency towards literary industries and techniques are also explained.
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Mahdi Asadi; Fatemeh Kazemizadeh
Abstract
With the intensification of nationalism after the First World War and the increase of travel and cultural exchanges, the common feelings between the Persians of India and the supporters of archaic nationalism in Iran intensified. As a result of the growth of nationalism and attention to the issue of ...
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With the intensification of nationalism after the First World War and the increase of travel and cultural exchanges, the common feelings between the Persians of India and the supporters of archaic nationalism in Iran intensified. As a result of the growth of nationalism and attention to the issue of land and nationality, the Persians of India became more interested in their ancestral land and the possibility of returning to it, especially after the start of the war between Muslims and Hindus and the threat to their financial and life security. For intellectuals and supporters of modernism and archaic nationalists who sought strategies to reform Iran's economy and culture in order to overcome what they perceived as a long period of cultural decline, economic poverty, and political weakness, a greater relationship with the Persians of India and gaining support All-round efforts on their part could play an important role. The first Pahlavi government was also influenced by its nationalistic approach and economic policy, and was interested in the migration of Persians from India to Iran. The current research aims to answer this main question: What was the approach of the first Pahlavi government and the Persians of India to the issue of immigration to Iran? The findings of the research, based on first-hand sources and based on historical methods and on the basis of description and analysis, show that despite the initial inclinations of some Indian Persian leaders and the interest of Reza Shah and the comprehensive efforts of the first Pahlavi men's government This issue failed due to the conflict with the British policies in India, the lack of social justice in the eyes of Indian Parsis and the structure of the absolute Pahlavi government and the ambivalence among the Indian Parsis on this issue. the lack of social justice in the eyes of Indian Parsis and the structure of the absolute Pahlavi government and the ambivalence among the Indian Parsis on this issue.
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Abbas Mirzaei; Ali Balvardi
Abstract
Mourning ceremonies related to Muharram have had a special place in the Qajar period, but the views of the Qajar aristocracy and nobility with ordinary people about these ceremonies cannot be considered the same. These two classes have had different traditions in holding mourning ceremonies. In this ...
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Mourning ceremonies related to Muharram have had a special place in the Qajar period, but the views of the Qajar aristocracy and nobility with ordinary people about these ceremonies cannot be considered the same. These two classes have had different traditions in holding mourning ceremonies. In this article, this issue was studied based on the reports written by the foreign travel writers of the Qajar period and it was tried to answer the question of what differences there have been between the mourning traditions of the Qajar aristocracy and nobility and ordinary people based on these travelogues. This hypothesis was followed that the aristocracy and nobility probably held mourning traditions at a different level from that of ordinary people in terms of rituals, luxuries, and expenses because of having greater access to wealth resources. Hence, by examining 22 travelogues, which were based on the travel writers’ objective observations, it was concluded that the aristocracy and nobility differed from ordinary people in terms of their mourning places and forms, as well as expenses. They followed different rituals and customs when holding these ceremonies.
