Abbas Zarei Mehrvarz; Nooreddin Nemati
Volume 1, Issue 1 , December 2011, , Pages 43-56
Abstract
At early period of Ghobad’s reign, Sassanid King (486-531AD), an important movement occurred, headed by Mazdak, for several social, economic and political reasons so that the king supported it in order to weaken the position of great figures and clergymen as well. Naturally, important people opposed ...
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At early period of Ghobad’s reign, Sassanid King (486-531AD), an important movement occurred, headed by Mazdak, for several social, economic and political reasons so that the king supported it in order to weaken the position of great figures and clergymen as well. Naturally, important people opposed the given movement and dethroned Ghobad King from power and he managed to resume his reign again only by the support of Hephthalites. Several years later, re-aliance of authorities and clergymen with Khosro- Ghobad third son- led to coup, Ghobad’s dismissal and killing of Mazdak and his adherents (531AD). As a result, some reforms were done to stabilize resumption of power and reputation to authorities and clergymen. After suppression of this movement, based on Khosro Anooshirvan, new king, an official narrative was recorded in KHODAY-NAMEH book (literally God’s scripture) as book of Sassanid official history by a negative perspective toward movement of Mazdak. At the same time, other several narratives were prevalent among people in written or perhaps orally. Some of these narrations were translated from Pahlavi to Arabic after fall of Sassanid (635AD) where they became very well-known during Islamic early centuries. The main narratives from Tale of Mazdak were included in some of historic, literary and political books. The authors in this essay are trying as possible to examine the probable political reasons for prevalence of these narratives in Sassanid periods and Islamic early centuries by adaptation of strong and weak points, legendary and real parts and their manipulations within books like Tabari History book, Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, Syasat- Nameh of Nezam-Al-Molk, Fars- Nameh by Ibn- Balkhi, Fostat-Al-Edalat Fi-Qavaed-Al-Saltanat book by Mohammad Ibn Mahmoud Khatib.
Ali Kalirad
Abstract
Iran and Turkey witnessed deep and broad social changes in an effort to Modernization in the first half of 20th century. The social changes had wide-ranging consequences, including personal and psychological effects. The purpose of this paper is a psychoanalytic study of two short stories written by ...
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Iran and Turkey witnessed deep and broad social changes in an effort to Modernization in the first half of 20th century. The social changes had wide-ranging consequences, including personal and psychological effects. The purpose of this paper is a psychoanalytic study of two short stories written by two prominent Iranian and Turkish writers, Sadeq Hedayat (1903-1951) and Sait Faik Abasıyanık (1906-1954) for investigating the psychological impact of social changes on their characters. The themes of isolation, reclusiveness and return to womb in the short stories The Dark Room by Hedayat and A Dot on the Map by Abasıyanık examined by means of the defense mechanism of “regression”.
Hamidreza Pasha Zanous; Farajollah Ahmadi
Abstract
Since the evidence for direct maritime trade between the Sassanid Empire and China is exiguous, it has often been asserted that there was no direct sea commerce between these two countries. Scholars claim that there is nothing to prove direct Chinese sailings to Iran before Islam and say that direct ...
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Since the evidence for direct maritime trade between the Sassanid Empire and China is exiguous, it has often been asserted that there was no direct sea commerce between these two countries. Scholars claim that there is nothing to prove direct Chinese sailings to Iran before Islam and say that direct sea commerce between them was occurred during early Islamic Period. Based on the historical, archaeological and numismatic evidence in Iran and China, this article tries to show that contacts between Persians and Chinese started from sixth century A.D because of the presence of Persians in southern ports of China. Later, Persian Gulf saw a regular Persian-Chinese trade because of the role of Sīrāf port in the expanding of Persian-Chinese relations at the ninth century A.D.
Naser Sedghi; Nahid Bagheri Tofighi
Abstract
Superiority of the Sunni jurists and scholars was one of the historical developments of the Saljuq era from educational, social, and cultural points of view. Despite the vast quantitative studies, the historical dimensions of this subject have not been analyzed thoroughly yet. In this paper, based on ...
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Superiority of the Sunni jurists and scholars was one of the historical developments of the Saljuq era from educational, social, and cultural points of view. Despite the vast quantitative studies, the historical dimensions of this subject have not been analyzed thoroughly yet. In this paper, based on the findings of statistical analysis method, the situation of the religious scholars of the Saljuq era, in three fields of their scientific activities, sects, and the places of residence is investigated. For this purpose, the essential historical sources such as Al-kāmil by Ibn al-Athīr, Al-montaẓam of Ibn al-Jozī, Vafayāt Al-aʻyān of Ibn Xallikān, Siyāq-e Tārix-e Neyšābūr by ʻAbd al-ghāfer-e Fārsī, and Al-ansāb of Samʻānī have been studied. According to this research, the geographical regions known as ʻIrāq-e ʻArab and Xorasān were in first places in terms of the presence and activity of religious scholars; and ʻIrāq-e ʻAjam was in the third place. Moreover, around 80 percent of the known scholars belonged to the Šāfeʻī school. From intellectual and educational points of view, around 70 percent of known religious scholars of the Saljuq era were involved in the field of Ḥadith. This situation was the result of historical background and centricity of the above mentioned regions in the Saljuq era, establishment of Neẓāmīyyeh schools in the important cities of those regions, as well as the Saljuqids' support of the Šāfeʻī sect and the Sunni traditional studies.
habib sharafi safa; esmail Ganghis Ardahi; Mohammad Hassan Raznahan
Abstract
Dargazin was one of the politically and culturally significant regions of Iran in the past, and its historical monuments and mounds shows the importance of this area. Why was Dargazin important in the post-Islamic era and what was the role of the routes in the formation of settlements and the cultural ...
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Dargazin was one of the politically and culturally significant regions of Iran in the past, and its historical monuments and mounds shows the importance of this area. Why was Dargazin important in the post-Islamic era and what was the role of the routes in the formation of settlements and the cultural development of this region? To answer these questions, the present article looks for the historical background of the routes, and its role in the expansion of the settlements, and the cultural growth of Dargazin in the post-Islamic era. The geographic location of Dargazin (being on the side of the main roads), having fertile and flat lands, and being at the skirts of the Kharaqan mountains (which is a geopolitical advantage), developed this area, as a transit point for commercial caravans and the residence of several groups of people. At the present time, Dargazin locates on the side of the roads to Zanjan, Markazi, and Qazvin provinces, and in the past, the two main branches of the Silk Road surrounded it from east and west. The study shows that most of the habitats of this area have been located along these routes.
Emad-o-ddin Sheikh-alhokamayi; Mirza Mohammad Hasani
Abstract
The fortuitous discovery of some pieces of an epitaph belonging to the 7th century AH in Forg district in Darab county, near a fortress called Bahman, opened a new season to researches on the life of Buyids descendants after the fall of the dynasty. The title and name carved on the tomb-stone, which ...
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The fortuitous discovery of some pieces of an epitaph belonging to the 7th century AH in Forg district in Darab county, near a fortress called Bahman, opened a new season to researches on the life of Buyids descendants after the fall of the dynasty. The title and name carved on the tomb-stone, which clearly reads Daylamite King, affirms the subject matter of the present article. Further excavations led to the discovery of all other pieces of the epitaph. Moreover, the Resale Delgosha versified history book, which is considered one of the most important local history resources for studying the history of Fars province during this period, facilitated the identification of the deceased person and other Daylamites who lived in this area during 7th and 8th centuries AH. The present paper is an attempt to rebuild the pieces of the newly-found epitaph and identify the body belonging to the grave and aims to find out how the Buyids managed to survive and how long they continued to exert their political power and rule in Fars.
Abdol-Rasul Khairandish; Ameneh Ebrahimi
Abstract
Ever since Alexander emerged in the history of Iran, his being Greek or Iranian has been a matter of dispute. The subject has later entered the discussions over Alexander’s identity as ruler, governor, explorer, adventurer, etc. Even these days disputes over his existence or his territory exist. ...
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Ever since Alexander emerged in the history of Iran, his being Greek or Iranian has been a matter of dispute. The subject has later entered the discussions over Alexander’s identity as ruler, governor, explorer, adventurer, etc. Even these days disputes over his existence or his territory exist. A purely historical study on the subject should be based on documents. Yet since a great part of written materials on Alexander are ancient Persian stories, to enrich our findings on Alexander and study the subject from different points of view, we need to pay attention to such texts. Of these texts one may refer to the story of Eskandarnameh ,made up between the sixth and eighth centuries which, through displacing an old narrative of the city of women, intends to connect Alexander to the ideal world of fairies and thus present him as an Iranian character.
Roozbeh Zarrinkoob; Alireza Soleymanzadeh
Abstract
Primitive communalsystem, is particular social andeconomic formation of socialism in Soviet historiography. In fact, the primary forms of human social organizations of Marxism, called "primitive communism". This paper is a discussion about the ways in which the Soviet scientists have been working on ...
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Primitive communalsystem, is particular social andeconomic formation of socialism in Soviet historiography. In fact, the primary forms of human social organizations of Marxism, called "primitive communism". This paper is a discussion about the ways in which the Soviet scientists have been working on a historical analysis of the collective community of Iranian Society.The undeniable fact is that the author of this paper felt great gaps and shortcomings about comprehensive analysis of Soviet historians' approaches in both Iranian and Western researches about most ancient historical ages in Iran.Therefore, present research is on Marxist approaches about human societies and with Interpretation, explanation, and analysis of data's and validEvidences looking for a link between historical studiesand anthropologicalstudies. The Importance of the topics that will be discussed here is so that can lead understanding of the unique social attitudes amongst a large group of students associated with the history of human societies.
Bahman Firouzmandi Shireh Jin; Mehdi Rahbar; Mostafa Deh Pahlavan
Abstract
Hellenism is a part of Iran’s historical period. This era starts with the devastating onslaught of Alexander, the Macedonian warlord. Our historical sources introduce Alexander with a collection of mythic-historical features which make us visualize the real Alexander with an ambiguous image. The ...
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Hellenism is a part of Iran’s historical period. This era starts with the devastating onslaught of Alexander, the Macedonian warlord. Our historical sources introduce Alexander with a collection of mythic-historical features which make us visualize the real Alexander with an ambiguous image. The conflicting viewpoints of eastern and western historical works in pre-Islamic periods can be the reason for this scrutiny. Specially, the eastern works which show the formation of an intellectual movement and the religious resistance of Iranian society and their clergies in Hellenist, Parthian and Sassanid periods against Hellenistic traditions. The quality of Iranian and Muslim historians’ deviation from depending on western sources and historical works would be clear through studying alexandropedias and Islamic sources. .
Abolfazle khatibi
Abstract
So far, about poet Samnamh has overwhelmed much discussion between scholars. Some compose it the eighth-century poet, khajavi attributed Kermani and others have cast doubt on this difficult assignment. In this paper, the assumption is that someone in the sixteenth century namesake Khajoo called "khajavi ...
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So far, about poet Samnamh has overwhelmed much discussion between scholars. Some compose it the eighth-century poet, khajavi attributed Kermani and others have cast doubt on this difficult assignment. In this paper, the assumption is that someone in the sixteenth century namesake Khajoo called "khajavi creatinine Shahnameh" Samnamh system from the Homa and August khajavi Kerman other poems written about Sam's perspicacious poetry or others. In addition, this person also named two other heroic poem Framrznamە both small and Shbrngnamh, probably written in the sixth century and they are not stipulated in the text is a poet, is assigned to.
Nadia Hajipour
Abstract
Mādayān ī Hazār Dādestān or the Collection of Thousands of Judgments is a legal text, which has been written in the late Sassanid era, early 7th century AD. There are many themes and terms in this text that can help us to understand the legal rules of the pre-Islamic era as well as its terms. Among ...
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Mādayān ī Hazār Dādestān or the Collection of Thousands of Judgments is a legal text, which has been written in the late Sassanid era, early 7th century AD. There are many themes and terms in this text that can help us to understand the legal rules of the pre-Islamic era as well as its terms. Among the juridical issues of this text are slavery, guardianship, warranty, partnership, marriage, divorce, and so on. The terms in this text are sometimes highly specialized and complex, indicating that it has been written for legal professionals. One of these terms is azišmānd. Various translations have been given since the beginning of translation of this text. The purpose of this article is to examine all the materials and judgments about azišmānd in order to answer the question what is the best translation and definition for the term and what topics are used and what laws are in place. Our study shows that it occurs in issues such as possession (property, slave, woman), theft, pledge, alteration of testimony, and so on. Whenever azišmānd occurs, the punishment was the fine, to take a pledge and etc.
Ali Shojaee Esfahani
Abstract
The cities of Jay in pre-Islamic and Yahudiya in the post Islamic period were located in a plain delimited from three sides by surrounding heights. This area, referred to in historical and geographical documents as the Rostāq-i Jay, was the most important rural district of Isfahan's khora. With rising ...
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The cities of Jay in pre-Islamic and Yahudiya in the post Islamic period were located in a plain delimited from three sides by surrounding heights. This area, referred to in historical and geographical documents as the Rostāq-i Jay, was the most important rural district of Isfahan's khora. With rising of Buyids, they decided to change the seat of power from Jay to Yahudiya and consequently the construction of the city wall. Given the complete destruction of both city,s wall, the only data available on their location are limited to the texts and few archaeological traces. Therefore, while analyzing the reasons for change of hub in Isfahan from Jay to Yahudiya, the article tries to determine the location of walls of Jay and Yahudiya in Jay district on the basis of geographical and historical texts, archeological evidence, old maps and satellite photos, and traces them on the current city,s map.
Rozbeh Zarrinkoub; Yaser Malekzadeh
Abstract
Before coming Persians as conquerors to Asia Minor, Greek societies who lived in western Asia Minor had limited knowledge about Persian and Median culture and traditions. Their information usually had transferred by native habitants in Asia Minor. After Establishment of the Achaemenid Empire, Persians ...
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Before coming Persians as conquerors to Asia Minor, Greek societies who lived in western Asia Minor had limited knowledge about Persian and Median culture and traditions. Their information usually had transferred by native habitants in Asia Minor. After Establishment of the Achaemenid Empire, Persians and Medians appeared in Anatolia and their societies habited in many places there. These societies expanded their culture and traditions. Because of their existence in high level of government organs, the political power of these people helps them to waste their culture. One of cultural elements was historiography. Although, Greek and Persian historiography has basic differences but Iranian and oriental tradition has affected in Greek historiography. Persian cultural manner in this historiography is so beheld. The other subject is the difference of Historical tradition of Ionia and Greece. In this article, we tried to show that these two traditions are deferent. Writing the history in Greece was depended to Ionic Historiography. so we can't say that the birthplace of historiography is Greece. In this paper we showed some Persian elements in Asia Minors' Historical traditions, and then we compared Persian and Greek Historical traditions in Anatolia. Finally we tried to show that how and when Greek Historiography was found and what was the role of the Persians in the formation of Greek historiography.
Ali Akbar Tashakori Bafghi
Abstract
Moghul's invasion of Iran led to the spread of insecurity, destruction of civil infrastructure and religious-ideological vacuum caused by the toppling of the kingdom. This not only improved the status of Sufism as the center of attention for the common people to avoid the governors' tyranny but also ...
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Moghul's invasion of Iran led to the spread of insecurity, destruction of civil infrastructure and religious-ideological vacuum caused by the toppling of the kingdom. This not only improved the status of Sufism as the center of attention for the common people to avoid the governors' tyranny but also made the faraway areas an ideal place for the cultural elites. Given the above, Yazd was considered as one of the central areas for attracting Sufism because of the Atabaks’ policies in maintaining relative peace and security on the one hand and the Ale Mozaffar's leadership on the other hand. Sufists shared a number of features which included running a simple life, inviting people to submission and trust in God, coordinating with the religion and avoiding interference in the administrative affairs. As a result, the Sufists were appealing to both governors and common people from two perspectives: legitimizing the power structure and soothing the social problems. Therefore, while the positive tendency of the governors and local authorities led to the construction and financial support of Sufi centers, the Sufi shaykhs' dignity represented their reputation and distinction from the common people. The present paper endeavors to study the Sufism status in Yazd during the 8th century A.H taking into account the prevailing views of the time, social reputation of the Sufi shaykhs and the support rendered by the local authorities as well as the Mozaffari rulers.
Pedram Jam
Abstract
The private law of Zoroastrians of the Sasanian era, as reflected in Mādayān ī hazār dādestān (The Book of Thousand Judgments), acknowledges two types of surety-bond: pāyandānīh pad xwāstag and pāyandānīh pad tan. The first one, which is obviously comparable to żamāna bi-al-šayʾ ...
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The private law of Zoroastrians of the Sasanian era, as reflected in Mādayān ī hazār dādestān (The Book of Thousand Judgments), acknowledges two types of surety-bond: pāyandānīh pad xwāstag and pāyandānīh pad tan. The first one, which is obviously comparable to żamāna bi-al-šayʾ or zamāna bi-al-māl of Islamic jurisprudence, is less ambiguous, but the latter one, somehow because of its apparently complex formulation and its lesser recognized legal context is not properly perceived and the relationship between its elements remains vague. The incorrect perceptions and translations of these cases have led to incorrect lexical equivalents such as tan/slave and incorrect legal outcomes such as the notion of debt slavery in Sasanian Zoroastrian law. Comparing these cases with a kind of surety-bond in Islamic jurisprudence, ie. żamāna bi-al-nafs, which has clear formulations and its semantic and legal background is also well-known, produces vital clues for solving difficulties of aforementioned Middle Persian legal cases. The comparison of these two demonstrates the high degree of similarity of between these Sasanian Zoroastrian legal cases and similar ones in Islamic jurisprudence.
Keshvad Siahpour
Abstract
In ancient era of Iran, “Fire” was regarded as one of the main elements of mankind life which had high value and was always revered. After accepting of Islam by Iranians, revering fire as a scared matter was flawed after gradual changing in Zoroastrian religion. In spite of this fact, in ...
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In ancient era of Iran, “Fire” was regarded as one of the main elements of mankind life which had high value and was always revered. After accepting of Islam by Iranians, revering fire as a scared matter was flawed after gradual changing in Zoroastrian religion. In spite of this fact, in some regions of Iran (especially in southern Iran) reverence and sanctity of fire was maintained. Blazing of fire in day and night had its respective ritual. By falling down, all of people should burned their heath and anyone could not convey fire from their home to the other. By the others reprimandedanyone who did not burn its hearth and they called him as extinguished hearth so-called“OjaqKur”. Ashes also was useful, sanctity and respectable. Spilling of water in burned fire wasscolded and forbidden. Occasionally when someone spurred water inadvertently or deliberately in fire, women by avowing or citing name of God tried to drive away disasters. However, the enterprise showed which has occurred apernicious and abnormal treatment.Oath to hearth was a prevalent and valuable action. Naming of children by titles of “ Azar” , “Atash”, “Atashin” and “Atashu” was prevalent among some tribes. In social system of nomads and traditional structure some of tribes, title of “Tash” regarded as an introducer of them. Finding of the essay shows hearth and its sanctity had a currency in all ceremonies of nomads which included many aspects of socio-economic, cultural and religious matters.
Nasrallah Hejazi; Vahid Bahrami
Abstract
Didactic writing is a valuable legacy that reflects Iranians’ wisdom. The contents of didactic texts, as the name implies, are moral, religious, political, and social advice of the elites and reformers addressed to the king. Therefore, didactic texts are an illustration of the ideal king of the ...
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Didactic writing is a valuable legacy that reflects Iranians’ wisdom. The contents of didactic texts, as the name implies, are moral, religious, political, and social advice of the elites and reformers addressed to the king. Therefore, didactic texts are an illustration of the ideal king of the Iranian elite. Didactic texts, as the crystallization of one of the most important forms of knowledge, originate from two sources, i.e. Iranian and Islamic sources. In this paper, the works of two prominent Iranian intellectuals, that is Saadi’s Nasihat al-Muluk and Ferdowsi’s “Bozorgmehr” in Shahname, who have tried to revive the tenets of Iranian ruling, one using Islamic teachings and the other by referring to the ancient Iranian sources, are studied. In fact, this article seeks to find out how the Iranian and Islamic sources influenced the features of the ideal king in both practical and mental aspects. Seeking help from phenomenology and Pareto’s elitism, one can find similarities—which reflect this influence between the texts of Saadi and Ferdowsi. These similarities reveal the historical continuity of Iranians’ conception of the characteristics of the ideal king. Thus, this paper focuses on the common points of these two historical texts written in different historical, political and religious contexts about the characteristics of the ideal king.
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Amin Shahverdi
Abstract
In the first section of the Mahābād’s letter which has been located at the beginning of Dasātīr, a blueprint of world is presented which is influenced by Peripatetic doctrines. On the basis of this plan, first intellect which is named Behnām in Dasātīr is emanated from God. Second intellect ...
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In the first section of the Mahābād’s letter which has been located at the beginning of Dasātīr, a blueprint of world is presented which is influenced by Peripatetic doctrines. On the basis of this plan, first intellect which is named Behnām in Dasātīr is emanated from God. Second intellect which is named Amshām is emanated from first intellect, as well as body and soul of paramount sphere byname Mānistār and Tānistār are emanated from first intellect. After this, third intellect as well as body and soul of the sphere which is located under paramount sphere, are emanated from second intellect and this series is continued in the same way and finally ends to moon sphere. From the last intellect which is emanated from the intellect which emanated him together moon sphere, does not emanate neither any intellect nor any sphere. This last intellect who is named Farnoosh, flows the under the moon world. Opposite of this Peripatetic plan in which the number of intellects and spheres are determined and Peripatetic philosopher could know it, the number of intellects and spheres are undetermined and uncertain in second section of Mahābād’s letter. We understand from this section that human reasons could not recognize these numbers that is counts of intellects and spheres. On the other hand, there is a limit for human in this case. Moreover, in the second section of Mahābād’s letter, it is emphasized that there are many intelligible creators in world and this proposition is obviously conflict with Peripatetic view. This approach is affected by Illumination school and it is clear that is not according to what has been said in the first section of Mahābād’s letter. Thus, there are two views about system of the world in Dasātīr which could not be true simultaneously. On the basis of the verdict of this paper, Illumination approach is more important in Dasātīr and plays a role in other parts of it
Yadollah Heidari Baba kamal
Abstract
Dovecotes are among the most important native buildings of Iran and Turkey. Their importance in the rich culture of the two countries cannot be overemphasized. In Iran, Isfahan province has the most dovecotes, and they belong to the Safavid and Qajar periods, and in Turkey, Central Anatolia has the most ...
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Dovecotes are among the most important native buildings of Iran and Turkey. Their importance in the rich culture of the two countries cannot be overemphasized. In Iran, Isfahan province has the most dovecotes, and they belong to the Safavid and Qajar periods, and in Turkey, Central Anatolia has the most and they belong to the Ottoman period. Iranian dovecotes were built only to produce fertilizers to enrich agricultural lands; however, in addition to fertilizer production, Turkish dovecotes were used for the production of meat and gunpowder, which were sold to European countries too—in Iran, for religious and cultural reasons, hunting doves was not common and their meat was not eaten. Turkey is one of the countries where a significant number of dovecotes have been built in different types. Since the construction of these dovecotes was almost simultaneous with the emergence Iranian dovecotes, a comparative study of them in terms of distribution pattern, function, antiquity, and architectural features seems necessary. Thus, the most important research question is what the similarities and differences between Iranian and Turkish dovecotes in the last few centuries are. In addition, the purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of these buildings in Iran and Turkey with regard to political, economic, and geographical relations in the two regions and determine their role in various aspects of economic, cultural, and social life. The results show that environmental conditions have played a significant role in the establishment, diversity of form, materials used, and the purpose of building dovecotes in the two countries. Turkish dovecotes are square, rectangular, or with a circular or oval base (two parts, below and above the ground) and are made of stone or brick in rocky cliffs and away from farms. But Iranian dovecotes are generally brick, larger than the Turkish ones, and are designed in the fields of the plains and along the rivers, in circular shapes and in some cases rectangular (Golpayegan, Khansar, Khomein and Miandoab).
omid majd
Abstract
Neishabori dialect is considered as one of the oldest eastern dialects of Iran, which has special coordinates in terms of phonetic and grammatical features. In this essay, in the descriptive-analytical way and the method of document analysis ...
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Neishabori dialect is considered as one of the oldest eastern dialects of Iran, which has special coordinates in terms of phonetic and grammatical features. In this essay, in the descriptive-analytical way and the method of document analysis and data mining, based on library studies and using the author's pseudo-language, as an Neishaborian informant, main phonetic processes are investigated, types of phonemes of this dialect are described and explained, and we have categorized and divided each phoneme by using its distinctive feature. In the following, the subject of suffixes and prefixes, has been examined as well as the conjugation of verbs and their tenses. The research results show that the phonemes of Nishaburi dialect include 33 phonemes; Hamzeh is hardly heard at the beginning of words in Nishaburi dialect, some phonemes such as "A" and "H" are pronounced clearly and thickly in Arabic words. Both phonemes "gh" and "q" are present in the language at the same time. Unlike standard Persian, some syllables start with a consonant without a vowel. In the Nishaburi dialect, there are changes in vowels, some of which are completely irregular and others are regular. Elision, metathesis, fusion, displacement, difference in pronunciation of some verbs such as past continuous and past participle, special usages of affixes are some of the features that causes the difference between Nishabori dialect and standard Persian. Also, according to this dialect, some lexical etymologies can be completed and revised.
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omid vahdanifar; esmaeil alipoor
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine Iranian Culture in the travelogue Droville, a military adviser to FatAli Shāh. In the present study, the first reports of the French author are classified into three levels: "Positive Paradigms", "Negative Paradigms" and "Neutral Paradigms". Then below each ...
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The purpose of this article is to examine Iranian Culture in the travelogue Droville, a military adviser to FatAli Shāh. In the present study, the first reports of the French author are classified into three levels: "Positive Paradigms", "Negative Paradigms" and "Neutral Paradigms". Then below each class, has been analyzed the images presented on the basis of the components of homogeneity, contradiction, generalization, holism and magnification, which are the characteristics of the "imagology approach". Imagology, which is one of the approaches of comparative literature, has an interdisciplinary nature and is therefore linked to cultural studies. The application of this approach in reading travelogues is important in that it can be viewed in terms of "native" culture from the perspective of "other". So there are two main questions in this article: what aspects of Iranian Culture in the Qājār era have been the focus of a French military adviser? How are these cultural images reflected in the above travelogue? This study has been done with a descriptive-analytical method based on imagology approach in comparative literature. The findings of the study indicate that cultural elements were not reflected in the original form in this travelogue. In fact, these images are the transformed form of the author's early data, which has gone through the channel of different ideologies. The cultural imagology of Drouville is sometimes influenced by Western-European ideas and Intertextual relations and often derived from the class cultural geography of the Qājār era society that he interacted with them.Keywords: Imagology, Travelogue, Droville, Iranian Culture, Qājār eraImagology of Qājār era Iranian Culture in travelogue DrovilleThe purpose of this article is to examine Iranian Culture in the travelogue Droville, a military adviser to Fath-Ali Shāh. In the present study, the first reports of the French author are classified into three levels: "Positive Paradigms", "Negative Paradigms" and "Neutral Paradigms". Then below each class, has been analyzed the images presented on the basis of the components of homogeneity, contradiction, generalization, holism and magnification, which are the characteristics of the "imagology approach".
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Mohammad Keshavarz
Abstract
The set of studies about Iran, especially historical, literary, cultural, geographical, and linguistic studies, is called Iranology. A science that is four centuries old and was created by westerners. Iranology from the establishment of the first language schools to the establishment of Iranology in ...
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The set of studies about Iran, especially historical, literary, cultural, geographical, and linguistic studies, is called Iranology. A science that is four centuries old and was created by westerners. Iranology from the establishment of the first language schools to the establishment of Iranology in the world's major universities has passed great changes in these four centuries. In the twentieth century, some Iranians also entered the field of Iranology due to traveling to Europe and observing the work of orientalists and Iranologists, breaking the monopoly of Iranology of the west. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of western Iranology and how "National Iranology" was formed by using descriptive-analytical method. The achievements of this research show that on the one hand insufficient literacy of western Iranologists, Iranology influence project and biased expression of research results by Orientalists and Iranologists and on the other hand scientific presentation away from prejudice and bias by Iranian researchers, self-knowledge versus otherness, recognizing the cultural and historical capacities of Iran to the whole world, researchers' interest in research on Iran, and government support for Iranian studies has led to the formation of "National Iranology" in the contemporary century. Researchers such as Allameh Qazvini and Pourdavod, as the first National Iranologists, took very important steps in promoting the science of Iranology and others like Abbas Iqbal, Mojtaba Minavi, Iraj Afshar, etc. continued their path. The establishment of the Pahlavi Library in the 1340s is a turning point in Iranology. communication and cooperation with Iranology and Oriental Studies Centers, collaboration with Iranologists around the world, creating a special archive and library for Iranology, organizing World Congresses of Iranology, follow up on information and publications of world centers related to Iranian culture and provide services about Iranian culture and civilization such as: the establishment of new centers of Iranology, teaching Persian language in universities around the world and publishing journals of Iranology were among the most important tasks of Iranology in this library. Library officials sought to determine the general Iranian studies policies of all countries from Tehran. The next stage in the development of Iranology occurred in the 1380s. The establishment of the Iranology Foundation and the entry of Iranology into universities led to the further development and expansion of National Iranology.
Kamaleddin Niknami; Mojgan Jayez
Volume 1, Issue 1 , December 2011, , Pages 57-80
Abstract
Izeh Plain is a sedimentary plain situated at northeastern part at Khuzestan Province, Iran where according to some partial investigations carried out in 2007, 54 settlements from Epipalaeolitic and early Neolithic ages were discovered there. Henry Wright, who had explored throughout this settlement ...
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Izeh Plain is a sedimentary plain situated at northeastern part at Khuzestan Province, Iran where according to some partial investigations carried out in 2007, 54 settlements from Epipalaeolitic and early Neolithic ages were discovered there. Henry Wright, who had explored throughout this settlement before Islamic Revolution, implies that only 30 percent of piedmonts were completely investigated and as a result it was not possible for them to access Settlement Pattern in Epipalaeolithic age in this area. After Islamic Revoultion, within several explorations that conducted in areas surrounding Izeh Plain, some of settlements from Stone Age were discovered. Topographical analyses done on the discovered settlements during exploration in 2007 and looking at ecological perspective of this region indicate that the presence of two lakes that have formed within internal basin in Izeh Plain as well as all seasonal streams which flow into these two lakes from outskirt of Izeh Plain plus geological characteristics of this region that led to formation of several caves and dales in this area are considered as very important factors in formation of settlements from Stone Age.
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Amir Pourrastegar
Abstract
European's travelogues are important in understanding "another view", in anthropology and cultural-social history studies area. Sufism and Dervishes are one of the prominent topics in European travelogues, especially in the Qajar era. From this perspective, the present research is based on the ...
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European's travelogues are important in understanding "another view", in anthropology and cultural-social history studies area. Sufism and Dervishes are one of the prominent topics in European travelogues, especially in the Qajar era. From this perspective, the present research is based on the analysis of the travelogues of the European travelers of the Qajar era, who have described and sometimes analyzed dervishes in their reports. It’s obviously clear that issues such as:Sufi dynasties considering Dervishes as a class, Sufism lineages, and Dervishes' behavior and worldview are often associated with ignorance of Sufism, prejudice, superficial, and incognito. The approach of this research shows the four components of "Oral Dervish Literature", "Beliefs", "Beggary and Unemployment", "External journey", "Spells and Magic". "Using intoxicants and hypnotic substances" are more prominent in western travelogues. A few of these travel writers, including Polak, Browne, and Gobineau, have an Orientalist approach in its research-following sense towards Sufism and have combined it with their observations; Among other things, they have presented reports about the Sufi dynasties of the Qajar era, especially Ahl al-Haq, the origin of Sufism, and Iranian Enlightenment thought. Apart from this, in other travelogues, the spirit of Sufism is often not mentioned. In most of these travelogues, Sufism and mysticism have been relegated to the school of laziness and unrestrainedness, and wandering dervishes and storytellers have been portrayed as addicted to weed and marijuana. The results of the description and analysis of the aforementioned travelogues show that the reports of these travelers about Sufism in the Qajar era has only been narrated in the form of "affected dervishism", along with "generalization", "defects", "strangeness" and " Magnification".
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Negar Avishi; Zahra Hosseinabadi; Marzieh Esfandiari
Abstract
It can be acknowledged that needlework represents the authenticity of the Baloch people, the most well-known and important art of the people of Baluchistan. This beautiful art is sewn in different cities of Sistan and Baluchistan province by the hands of Sistani and Baloch women, but the selection of ...
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It can be acknowledged that needlework represents the authenticity of the Baloch people, the most well-known and important art of the people of Baluchistan. This beautiful art is sewn in different cities of Sistan and Baluchistan province by the hands of Sistani and Baloch women, but the selection of Iranshahr city as the national city of needlework has given special importance to Baloch needlework of this city. Problems such as the sewing of Baloch needlework by foreign nationals and the danger of the authenticity of this valuable art, which is referred to as a national heritage, require a special look at this field. It is necessary to try to identify the problems that stand in the way of Baloch needlework in Iranshahr city and present the effective factors for increasing the employment of Baloch women in this city. What has been considered as the goal of this research is the study of factors affecting the employment of Baloch women in the field of needlework and its effect on the advancement of the region's economy. The required information of the research, which was conducted by descriptive-analytical method, was collected through library and field studies, and the questionnaire tool was also used. The statistical sample of the research is made up of needlewomen from Iranshahr city. After analyzing the obtained data, among the factors affecting the increase of employment of Baloch women in the field of needlework in Iranshahr city and as a result the economic advancement of the region, factors such as allocating fixed salaries to active needlewomen, Attracting the help of investors and setting up the supply chain of raw materials in Sistan and Baluchistan province and as a result reducing the production costs of needlework products and increasing employment in the province, guaranteeing the purchase of needlework products at a fair price , improvement of internet coverage in the villages of Iranshahr and so on.
