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Mohamadjavad Owladhoseyn; Mojtaba Doroodi
Abstract
The subject of the current research is the reading of a new inscription in Mount Hossein, Fars province, Marvdasht Plain, near Naqsh-e Rostam. The discovery of this inscription took place in the last months of 1400 solar year; It has been widely reflected in the news agencies and it has been referred ...
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The subject of the current research is the reading of a new inscription in Mount Hossein, Fars province, Marvdasht Plain, near Naqsh-e Rostam. The discovery of this inscription took place in the last months of 1400 solar year; It has been widely reflected in the news agencies and it has been referred to as an inscription that contains the names of Zoroaster and Amherspandan and as a non-burial inscription. Names whose existence is not observed in this inscription. It will also be seen that the present inscription is among the burial inscriptions. According to the classification of private inscriptions in this region, the present inscription can be mentioned as Naqsh-e Rostam 4, which was written in Middle Persian tradition. Burial inscriptions include an important part of private writings with Zoroastrian tradition, which due to the ritual nature of the historical and cultural collection of Naqsh-e Rostam, most of the inscriptions found in this area also have the same feature. Among the burial inscriptions that have been seen in this before; We can refer to Shāh Ismāʾil rock inscriptions, Darreh Boreh inscriptions, and Gīrd- e lak inscriptions. The present inscription also belongs to the same group of inscriptions. This inscription, measuring 30 x 35 cm, is engraved on top of a coffin in six lines, and it is said to belong to a person named Wahrām ī Mēhrag. According to the date mentioned in the inscription, it is likely to be related to the 6th of May in the year 40 of Yazdgerdi. This year is equal to 672 AD and 53 AH, which is the era of Muawiya's caliphate. Also, in this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the types of structures related to burial in Mount Hossein. The current research was conducted in the field and documents.
Sayed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar; Mohammad Reza Mohammadi; Anahita Shahrokhi
Abstract
Cultural communications among nations consist of various subjects and architectural art styles are the most distinct and recognized subjects in this area of studding. The republic of Dagestan in south of Russian Federation, not only from the past has cultural and historical relation with Iran, but ...
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Cultural communications among nations consist of various subjects and architectural art styles are the most distinct and recognized subjects in this area of studding. The republic of Dagestan in south of Russian Federation, not only from the past has cultural and historical relation with Iran, but also CT located in the Historical geography of cultural Iran. This relationship was more due to the political and social domination of Iran from Sassanian period till Tsar’s reign in 19th century. This land is close to Northern provinces of Iran, Gilan and Mazandaran. Dagestan has so many cultural interrelationships with these provinces. In the province of Mazandaran very special architectural art style could be observed which is comparable and similar with religious monuments in south Dagestan. These similarities could be seen on wooden decorations such as on columns and windows, painting on roof and walls, plan of the buildings. In this article has been tried to focus on these similarities and compare two styles.
Adele Mohtasham; Samad Samanian
Abstract
Rituals are among the most significant human legacies in societies. Nakhl-gardani is an ancient Iranian ritual, which affected by Shiʻi culture after the arrival of Islam to Iran. Objects are the essential components of the rituals, and Nakhl, the pivotal object of Nakhl-gardani, should be properly ...
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Rituals are among the most significant human legacies in societies. Nakhl-gardani is an ancient Iranian ritual, which affected by Shiʻi culture after the arrival of Islam to Iran. Objects are the essential components of the rituals, and Nakhl, the pivotal object of Nakhl-gardani, should be properly protected and respected as a cultural and historical heritage. The prelude of this protection is to recognize the features, values, and functions of the Nakhls, therefore, the purpose of this study is to recognize the Nakhl functions as a ritual object. The research materials include written sources, field observations, and interviews. The findings of the research show that Nakhl, as a ritual and cultural object, carries out functions related to belief, as well as symbolic and memorial functions. It transmits indigenous knowledge and conveys Iranian traditions and customs as well.
Hamed Nowrouzi
Abstract
Persian-Hebrew texts are written in Hebrew orthography. Their records go back to the period before The Essential Books about Drugs’ Nature, the first Persian text in Arabic orthography by Abu Mansour Mowaffaq Herawi which was inscribed by Assadi Tousi in 447 A.H. Therefore, it seems very important ...
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Persian-Hebrew texts are written in Hebrew orthography. Their records go back to the period before The Essential Books about Drugs’ Nature, the first Persian text in Arabic orthography by Abu Mansour Mowaffaq Herawi which was inscribed by Assadi Tousi in 447 A.H. Therefore, it seems very important to scrutinize such texts for the study of Persian language. One of the most important samples of Persian-Hebrew texts is the translations of Torah, especially the translations of Pentateuch in to Persian written in Hebrew orthography. The oldest dated Persian-Hebrew translation of the Pentateuch is a version known as PL in British Museum. This version had been inscribed on 15 March 1319 A.H. The main translator of this text was Abi Saeed and its scribe, Yousef Bin Musa. This text has many unique lexical and orthographic features. The author of present essay propounds a brief introduction about its general features such as the manner of its diacritics, its colophon, the place of its inscription, the name of its scriber and translator and adjourns more careful analysis about its lexical and linguistic features for other essays.
Javad Morshedlue
Abstract
This essay aims to put forward a new explanation of “Sârt” problem from an Iranian viewpoint. Its main focus is to represent those signs which could be helpful to introduce Sârt people as inheritors of Old Iranian culture of central Asia. To attain this purpose it has been organized ...
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This essay aims to put forward a new explanation of “Sârt” problem from an Iranian viewpoint. Its main focus is to represent those signs which could be helpful to introduce Sârt people as inheritors of Old Iranian culture of central Asia. To attain this purpose it has been organized in four parts; the first part discussed with the history of Russia’s rule over the region and its dealing with indigenous ethnicities and ethnic problem. The second part has concentrated on the scholarly literature on the subject and precedent findings. The third one includes an analytical survey of the situation of Sârt people in 19th century as reported by primary sources. And, the final part deals with the fate of Sârt identity as sealed by Bolshevik regime and Jadidism. As the essay puts it, there are certain evidences which show that there have been a Sârt people whom we might be able to introduce old settlers of central Asia with clear links with Iran. As the results show, down to the Bolshevik revolution, Sârt people were a very great population of settler society of central Asia. Hence, Its removal of ethnological literature of the region as happened after the establishment of soviet system might be interpreted as a sign of russification policies especially in contrast to Iranian heritage of Central Asia.
Zoren Faika
Abstract
In Middle Persian (Pahlavi), like many Other languages, one aspect of subjunctive verbs in the present tense and the past tense is used, but the evidence in the literature that is available only from some Syghhhay. Middle Persian is bound by the obligation Kmkarbrdtr of past and present verb root is ...
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In Middle Persian (Pahlavi), like many Other languages, one aspect of subjunctive verbs in the present tense and the past tense is used, but the evidence in the literature that is available only from some Syghhhay. Middle Persian is bound by the obligation Kmkarbrdtr of past and present verb root is apparently limited to some of the material or Ben hung verbs and auxiliary verb hād made. However, a different form of subjunctive verbs used in the literature that Article past and present verb root verb būdan mere mention of it has not been, in the order books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showed.been, in the order books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showedorder books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showed.been, in the order books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showed.
meysam mohammadi
Abstract
Ayādgār ī Zarērān (Memorial of Zarēr) is a text that in its original version has been composed in Parthian language. This text has been amended and distorted in the process of transcription into the Middle Persian alphabet and language. This makes it difficult to read some of the words and sentences ...
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Ayādgār ī Zarērān (Memorial of Zarēr) is a text that in its original version has been composed in Parthian language. This text has been amended and distorted in the process of transcription into the Middle Persian alphabet and language. This makes it difficult to read some of the words and sentences and scholars have taken different ways in reading them. In this paper, these readings are first reviewed and criticized, and then some new suggestions are put forward. The basis of these suggestions is the adaptation between Ayādgār ī Zarērān and Draxt ī Āsūrīg (Assyrian tree), an originally Parthian text, and the evidence of the Parthian Manichaean texts. The reading of two passages from the New Persian texts written in Ray, Qumis, Gorgan, and Herat also provides some testimonies. In some phrases, some emendations have been made and in others we have been able to present a new reading by identifying a kind of elegy which is evidenced in the Parthian Manichean texts.
Kamal Aldin Niknami; Reza Ghasemi
Abstract
The Seleucid Seals and bullae play a significant role in understanding the administration and social structures of this period. Due to the limitations in the Seleucids sigillographic study, a wide variety of administrative archives of bullae found from important sites such as Qumis, Susa, Babylon, Nippur ...
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The Seleucid Seals and bullae play a significant role in understanding the administration and social structures of this period. Due to the limitations in the Seleucids sigillographic study, a wide variety of administrative archives of bullae found from important sites such as Qumis, Susa, Babylon, Nippur and Kadesh are waiting for the researchers to deal with the bullae’s various aspects. Apart from the hellenistic style, characteristic of bullae, they generally are bearing the impressions concerning the political and social status of Seleucid officials as well as the bureaucratic economic system of the Seleucid society. It seems that there has been association between the iconography of the seal and its owner’s social or political status. In some cases, the iconography of the seal could have been served to realize either the role of seal owners or his professional status because the privilege of some of iconographic motif of the seals were reserved for a certain class of nobility.
Reza Ghafouri
Abstract
The life story of Zāl - the son of Sam of Narīmān - is one of the most adventurous and astonishing stories of epic-heroic Iranian texts. Having white hair, being banished by his father, growing up in the Sīmorgh's nest, and finally living a long life, are among the features which differentiates Zāl ...
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The life story of Zāl - the son of Sam of Narīmān - is one of the most adventurous and astonishing stories of epic-heroic Iranian texts. Having white hair, being banished by his father, growing up in the Sīmorgh's nest, and finally living a long life, are among the features which differentiates Zāl from other heroes of national stories. In Šāhnāmeh, Zāl is a mighty hero in his youth, but as soon as Rostam reaches adulthood, Zāl secedes the battlefield due to the weakness of senility, and gives way to Rostam; thereafter, Zāl plays the role of a wise hero who advises the kings and other heroes. Apparently this drawback in his life provoked the future storytellers to create narrations, in which Zāl despite his oldness, is one of the greatest heroes with many heroic actions in battlefields. One of these stories is the battle of Zāl with demons in his youth, that ended up with his victory. In this paper, firstly the stories of Zāl in the epic-heroic texts of Iran is studied; afterward, the unknown epopee of “Zāl va Maqātel-e Dīv” is introduced, and the approximate time of its composition is estimated according to textual evidences.
Vahid Idgah torghabei
Abstract
The accurate pronunciation of words in ancient Persian texts has always been problematic, due to the changes that have occurred in the Persian language. In this paper, the pronunciations of some words in Shahnameh are studied. The study includes the words which the literati do not have an agreement on ...
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The accurate pronunciation of words in ancient Persian texts has always been problematic, due to the changes that have occurred in the Persian language. In this paper, the pronunciations of some words in Shahnameh are studied. The study includes the words which the literati do not have an agreement on their pronunciation, or the common idea about them is incorrect. Some of these words have wrong diacritics in all Shahnameh editions, and others do not have correct diacritical marks in some editions. In this paper, more emphasis is placed on the Khaleghi-Motlagh, and Jeyhouni editions of Shahnameh, because their editors have used diacritical marks more than others, although they did not pronounce all the words correctly. Through proper consideration of how Ferdowsi rhymes, as well as some other literal harmonies in his poetry, the accurate reading is achievable, provided that the entire text of Shahnameh be examined. This paper is based on such an approach.
seyyed Ahmad Reza Qaemmaqami
Abstract
Navigation is essentially an international art; therefore, its vocabulary may also travel from one side of the world to the other by the seamen. Some nautical words and terms used by Muslim sailors, which have been the subject of research, are Persian or Iranian. Hence, this particular branch is important ...
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Navigation is essentially an international art; therefore, its vocabulary may also travel from one side of the world to the other by the seamen. Some nautical words and terms used by Muslim sailors, which have been the subject of research, are Persian or Iranian. Hence, this particular branch is important in Persian and Iranian lexical and linguistic studies as well. Some of these words, according to previous studies, are borrowed from Indian languages, and their transfer is the result of the interactions of the Persians and Arabs with India. It is not always easy to determine whether these words entered into Arabic directly or through Iranian languages. In the absence of documents, sometimes the phonetic indications could help. This paper studies the origins and meanings of some of these words and termes afresh. It tries, while correcting some of the previous scholars’ opinions, provide a more accurate lexical description on the names of some ships, boats, and sailing words related to Iran’s southern seas.
Sayed Saʼiyd Reza Montazery; Mohammad Reza Nazary
Abstract
Ethics of ancient Iran has always been formed one of the most interesting topics for Iranian studies. Because of the importance of religion in the Sassanid's period, the Iranian ethics gained great importance and a number of ethical works were developed. Andarz and Andarzgoy traditions are among the ...
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Ethics of ancient Iran has always been formed one of the most interesting topics for Iranian studies. Because of the importance of religion in the Sassanid's period, the Iranian ethics gained great importance and a number of ethical works were developed. Andarz and Andarzgoy traditions are among the prevalent ethical styles of this period. In the field of ancient Iran Andarz-nameha the sub-category of practical ethics are that with certain properties grows its audiences enjoying ethical ethos. One of the things that have been not done so far in this domination is analysis of Andarz-name in the philosophical framework and looking at it from the view points. This article attempts to present and approach to the how of normative ethics in ancient Persia and would indicate that although such an ethics is similar to the Greek model of virtue ethics, but distinctions can also be seen.
neda kiani; Iman Zakariaee Kermani; Mehdi Ebrahimi Alavije
Abstract
Changes in technology and lifestyle in today's society ,Caused Some of the objects don't have their Last application; But always valued and respected as cultural products and preserved the Cultural potential like the originality and identity in its historical context.One of them is Bakhtiari’s ...
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Changes in technology and lifestyle in today's society ,Caused Some of the objects don't have their Last application; But always valued and respected as cultural products and preserved the Cultural potential like the originality and identity in its historical context.One of them is Bakhtiari’s Veris That According to the changes of Bakhtiari nomads lifestyle, it does not have application but it Was important In terms of aesthetic and associated with the socio-cultural dimensions of nomadic community. Therefore, is necessary that its study in order to open the hidden layers of our culture and Create the groundwork for new use.Because of has not been written investigation about Bakhtiari’s Veris, The aim of this study is to identifying, documenting and defining features of this art among Bakhtiari nomads.The real question is: what is the feature of Bakhtiari’s Veris weaving in terms of methodology, aesthetics and functionality? The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical of depth anthropology type, and data were collected using documents and field survey. The research results show that in such topics on the first level, documenting and the second level, thinking about functions, is important; so the anthropological approach to understand nomads art is able to find a special type of relationship with environment and Document the Veris as a cultural and Practical product according to nomads needs, with Card weaving techniques and whit human, animal and geometric stylized figures and generally with black and white, blue, yellow and red color.
Ali Shojaee Esfahani
Abstract
As a part of urban planning and during the construction of the underground railroad of Charbagh Street, an excavation was carried out from February to May 2015 to detect the location of Jahan Nama Palace, which was destroyed in 1935. The excavation resulted in a better understanding of the Safavid governmental ...
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As a part of urban planning and during the construction of the underground railroad of Charbagh Street, an excavation was carried out from February to May 2015 to detect the location of Jahan Nama Palace, which was destroyed in 1935. The excavation resulted in a better understanding of the Safavid governmental house, Dowlatkhana, and Charbagh Street itself. The discovered materials belong to the pre-Islamic, pre-Safavid, Safavid, and post-Safavid periods. This article studies the architecture and artifacts, which were discovered during this excavation, of Jahan Nama Palace. Although the excavation had the usual limitations, such as time, resources, and space, it provides us with a comprehensive picture of the palace, the governmental house, and Charbagh Street. In a larger view, the results also help us locate other destroyed structures of the city more accurately. The pre-Safavid findings, which at the time were out of the city walls, represent details, which were previously unknown to us, of the suburbs of Isfahan in the middle ages. The discovery of the remains of Jahan Nama Palace, together with the maps and descriptions provided by historians and travelers, provides a framework for the planning of future investigations and the identification of related features of the city in pre- and post-Islamic era. These results demonstrate the importance of such investigations for our understanding of the historical cities of Iran. The discovery of pre-Safavid structures and pre-Islamic materials also underlines the importance of this part of the Isfahan Plain during earlier periods.
Sayed Mahdi MirSadeg
Abstract
This article deals with a comparative analysis of phonological dissimilarities between two Iranian dialects in the southern borders of the Caspian Sea, e.g. Taleshi in Gilan and Kelardashti in Mazandaran. The differences are classified and analyzed with an emphasis on the Kelardasht’s Rudbarak ...
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This article deals with a comparative analysis of phonological dissimilarities between two Iranian dialects in the southern borders of the Caspian Sea, e.g. Taleshi in Gilan and Kelardashti in Mazandaran. The differences are classified and analyzed with an emphasis on the Kelardasht’s Rudbarak and Talish’s Alian dialects in two parts of vowel and consonant diversities.
Somayeh Al-Sadat Tabatabaie; Alireza Hosseini
Abstract
Many researchers believe that the time to explore the Persian words in Arabic books has come to an end because their predecessors have already said what should be said. Although the efforts of the predecessors in this regard are commendable, there is much to be studied yet. This article tries to argue ...
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Many researchers believe that the time to explore the Persian words in Arabic books has come to an end because their predecessors have already said what should be said. Although the efforts of the predecessors in this regard are commendable, there is much to be studied yet. This article tries to argue that some Persian words, despite being used in Arabic texts, are mentioned neither in Arabic dictionaries nor in books related to “arabization.” Moreover, what is expressed about definition and explanation of some Persian words is inexpressive and imperfect. In the present article, we demonstrate that dictionaries have not included “Al-Bārjin” which is a Persian word used in Arabic books. Also the definitions given for “Al-Xordādhi” are incomplete. Two points should be mentioned here: first, in this paper, in order to understand how to use the expressed words, instead of merely analyzing lexical works, various sources from different fields have been examined. These include historical, geographical, and literary books as well as religious books such as jurisprudential and hadith works. Second, such research should not, by definition, be considered a linguistic “entertainment.” And we should not think that it is useless to find the meaning of ancient words that are no longer used in Persian or Arabic today because such research has historical and cultural importance in addition to lexical value; it discusses the interaction of the two languages which is one of the aspects of the relations between Iranians and Arabs. The choice of these two words is due to the fact that they come from the daily life of the people; Al-Bārjin was a tool for eating, and Al-Xordādhi referred to the wine and its container. Words like these in Arabic are evidence of the infiltration of Iranians into the Arabic-Islamic way of life.
Kolsoum Ghazanfari; Amin Babadi
Abstract
European's travelogues are important in understanding "another view", in anthropology and cultural-social history studies area. Sufism and Dervishes are one of the prominent topics in European travelogues, especially in the Qajar era. From this perspective, the present research is based on ...
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European's travelogues are important in understanding "another view", in anthropology and cultural-social history studies area. Sufism and Dervishes are one of the prominent topics in European travelogues, especially in the Qajar era. From this perspective, the present research is based on the analysis of the travelogues of the European travelers of the Qajar era, who have described and sometimes analyzed dervishes in their reports. It’s obviously clear that issues such as:Sufi dynasties considering Dervishes as a class, Sufism lineages, and Dervishes' behavior and worldview are often associated with ignorance of Sufism, prejudice, superficial, and incognito. The approach of this research shows the four components of "Oral Dervish Literature", "Beliefs", "Beggary and Unemployment", "External journey", "Spells and Magic". "Using intoxicants and hypnotic substances" are more prominent in western travelogues. A few of these travel writers, including Polak, Browne, and Gobineau, have an Orientalist approach in its research-following sense towards Sufism and have combined it with their observations; Among other things, they have presented reports about the Sufi dynasties of the Qajar era, especially Ahl al-Haq, the origin of Sufism, and Iranian Enlightenment thought. Apart from this, in other travelogues, the spirit of Sufism is often not mentioned. In most of these travelogues, Sufism and mysticism have been relegated to the school of laziness and unrestrainedness, and wandering dervishes and storytellers have been portrayed as addicted to weed and marijuana. The results of the description and analysis of the aforementioned travelogues show that the reports of these travelers about Sufism in the Qajar era has only been narrated in the form of "affected dervishism", along with "generalization", "defects", "strangeness" and " Magnification".
javad choupaniyan
Abstract
Abstract:The discovery of gold and treasure has a long history and was probably shown in some historical periods of this land. The guild actively engaged in this work, known as marbles or goldsmiths. In this age, underground and treasure hunting meant the acquisition of precious objects found underground, ...
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Abstract:The discovery of gold and treasure has a long history and was probably shown in some historical periods of this land. The guild actively engaged in this work, known as marbles or goldsmiths. In this age, underground and treasure hunting meant the acquisition of precious objects found underground, such as pottery and tiles, and objects made of gold, silver, decorative stones, glass, bronze weapons, old coins, and anything else. Types of objects such as those obtained by deliberate or accidental excavation from the soil. However, the fact that this job became a class that countless people did, is a new category that occurred in the Qajar period. They even negotiated with the central government on this issue, and for some time several thousand people have been officially engaged in this work. This is a research work that is mostly based on documents and some sources of Qajar period, including some travelogues, and deals with the performance of this job with a completely critical view and tries to understand this profession analytically-descriptively and its destructive effects on Iranian antiquities. It is something that has been less researched. This job also had an impact on the beginning of Iranian studies in Iran, even before the Western archeological activities in Iran, which were started by the Jews of Iran and they considered themselves as amateur archaeologists (commercial excavators) who also helped the government treasury. Even up to the second Pahlavi period, this class was involved in looting antiquities in the city of Rey and other parts of Iran. 16 December 1312 AH For the first time, the French were granted the privilege of scientific exploration in all parts of Iran.16 December 1312 AH For the first time, the French were granted the privilege of scientific exploration in all parts of Iran. After the formation of the first National Assembly of Iran, it was annulled. Unfortunately, commercial and personal drilling became official
shima jaafaridehaghi
Abstract
Rougemont, Georges, Inscriptions qrecques d’Iran et d’Asie centrale, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, Part II, Vol. I, London, 2012, 326 pages
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Rougemont, Georges, Inscriptions qrecques d’Iran et d’Asie centrale, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, Part II, Vol. I, London, 2012, 326 pages
Behdokht Nezhadhaghighi
Abstract
The relation between history and literature, and the extent to which literature is used in historical narrations, have been at the center of attention of researchers in the fields of both history and literature for a long time. Persian history books abound with examples of combinations of factual historiography ...
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The relation between history and literature, and the extent to which literature is used in historical narrations, have been at the center of attention of researchers in the fields of both history and literature for a long time. Persian history books abound with examples of combinations of factual historiography and narrative literature. A closer look, however, reveals that narrative devices are used for many different purposes. One notable example is the use of narration for confirming historical events and lending credibility to superior power of the ruler. It seems natural and justifiable to use sly language and Quranic verses and hadiths, as a method of Islamic historiography, to justify irremediable mistakes of the ruler or to criticize the performances of powerful individuals in certain historical events. But in certain periods of historiography we witness special fragments that deviate the current scientific historiography altogether and venture into the realm of narrative literature by resorting to fictional stories which show stronger impact on the minds of their popular audience than simply repeating the Quranic verses and hadiths. Only one of the important implications of such deviations is to pave the way for the audience to accept the historical determinism of the time they live in. The Mongol’s era is one of the momentous periods in the history of Iran, and its history forms one the most voluminous dossiers in the Persian historical literature. Jovayni’s Jahāngoshāy can be regarded as the starting point of the historiography of this era, as well as the most notable page of that dossier. Jovayni’s individual way of narrating and his technical language in relating the events as a narrator who is very close to what has happened, in comparison to the plain, unadorned language of later historical works demonstrate an obvious transformation in the way of narrating the same historical era through the time. Telling stories intentionally as a rhetorical device in forming the larger image of the history would develop the author from a historian into a social agent. The closer is the historian to the power system, the more complicated his narration is. This article examines the socio-political implications of using stories/narratives in Jovayni’s Tarikh-e Jahāngoshāy from this point of view, although this view may debilitate the foundation of recoursing to the historical texts
Nureddin Nemati; Shiva Taghvai
Abstract
The statesmen of the First Pahlavi formulated strategies for the economic renovation based on the export potential. Before that, the harbor of Busher had a central place in foreign trade of the country due to having harbor infrastructure, proximity to economic centers and the fact that many merchants ...
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The statesmen of the First Pahlavi formulated strategies for the economic renovation based on the export potential. Before that, the harbor of Busher had a central place in foreign trade of the country due to having harbor infrastructure, proximity to economic centers and the fact that many merchants lived there. After the implementation of the new plan the Khuzestan area became the main center of trade in the Persian Gulf region. These plans included the building of new roads and rail way, the population increase in urban centers and institution of new harbor facilities in Khuzestan. The Busher harbor which was not able to compete lost its importance gradually. This research studies how and under what circumstances the Busher harbor lost its importance in trade and examines the theory that the reason lies in new economic strategies of the first Pahlavi's.
merhdad malekzadeh
Abstract
Onomastics, a branch of historical linguistics, is of great significance for historical, historico-geographical, and anthropological studies. In the field of ancient Iranian studies, onomastics serves as a means to respond to a broad range of questions. For example, study of Median history and culture, ...
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Onomastics, a branch of historical linguistics, is of great significance for historical, historico-geographical, and anthropological studies. In the field of ancient Iranian studies, onomastics serves as a means to respond to a broad range of questions. For example, study of Median history and culture, suffering a lack of written evidence in Median language, has always been dependent on onomastic data recorded in non-Median sources. The present article focuses on the etymology of Ἁρμαμίθρης, an originally Median personal name attested in the list of Assyrian kings by Ctesias of Cnidus, and attempts at explaining the presence of a Median name in that context, that may lead to a better understanding of the narrative history of Assyria and Media in ancient time.
Saeed Ahmad Qaemmaqami
Abstract
In Middle Persian (Pahlavi), like many Other languages, one aspect of subjunctive verbs in the present tense and the past tense is used, but the evidence in the literature that is available only from some Syghhhay. Middle Persian is bound by the obligation Kmkarbrdtr of past and present verb root is ...
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In Middle Persian (Pahlavi), like many Other languages, one aspect of subjunctive verbs in the present tense and the past tense is used, but the evidence in the literature that is available only from some Syghhhay. Middle Persian is bound by the obligation Kmkarbrdtr of past and present verb root is apparently limited to some of the material or Ben hung verbs and auxiliary verb hād made. However, a different form of subjunctive verbs used in the literature that Article past and present verb root verb būdan mere mention of it has not been, in the order books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showed.been, in the order books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showedorder books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showed.been, in the order books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showed.
Kamal Aldin Niknami; Mohammad Amin Mirghaderi
Abstract
The Anubanini relief is Sarpol-e Zahab is one of the most ancient rock reliefs in Iran, which was identified by Rawlinson in 1836 and de Morgan published the first drawing of it in 1896. It is located on the main route to the Greater Khorasan and adjoins the highlands of the central Zagros to the low-lying ...
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The Anubanini relief is Sarpol-e Zahab is one of the most ancient rock reliefs in Iran, which was identified by Rawlinson in 1836 and de Morgan published the first drawing of it in 1896. It is located on the main route to the Greater Khorasan and adjoins the highlands of the central Zagros to the low-lying plains of Mesopotamia. An inscription at the bottom of the relief adds further importance to it and introduces more details including the information about the characters. The relief is known as Anubanini, after one of the dominant Lullubi rulers, and it has undergone several modifications over time. This paper attempts arguing these changes and presents a clear commentary on the role of the captive added to the relief and the features of its role. In addition, the paper suggests an explanation for the connection between the relief of Anubanini and the relief of Iddin-Sin, located in front of it. It seems that Anubanini carved this relief on the mount of Batir, but the Lullubis local adversaries, the Simurrums modified it to some extent.
Vural Ganç
Abstract
It seems that in the Safavid studies, the political and diplomatic relations between Shah Ismail and Bayezid II, which was in a relatively peaceful environment, were overshadowed by subsequent wars. In general, Safavid studies have focused on a period that began with the wars due to the coming of Salim. ...
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It seems that in the Safavid studies, the political and diplomatic relations between Shah Ismail and Bayezid II, which was in a relatively peaceful environment, were overshadowed by subsequent wars. In general, Safavid studies have focused on a period that began with the wars due to the coming of Salim. Perhaps the most important reason is the lack of resources in which they refer to such points. However, the Ottoman Army records show that both sides have had a high level of diplomatic relations before the period of long wars. The main purpose of this paper is to study a peaceful period of relations between the Safavid and Ottoman states based on the sources and documents of the Ottoman archives. In fact, before the Salim I, the Ottoman government had a good relationship with the Safavid, who had arrived from Sheikh to Shah in the early 16th century. In this framework, both sides sent each other ambassadors and presents. According to the Ottoman sources and the bailiffs of Bayezid II sent to Sheikh Ismael Ardabilly, we will examine the Ottoman look for the king of Iran and accept him as a leader of the cult. In addition, we will explain how the ambassadors travel on both sides and use it to express their strength.
