Mehrdad Ghadrdan; Zohreh Zarshenas; Ameneh Zaheri Abdvand
Abstract
In the vast but arid and semi-desert land of Iran, rain has always been life-giving and effective for the people. Due to this, the goddess of rain “Tištar Yašt” has been left from the ancient times of Iran, Which is highly respected and praised. And the celebration of Tῑrgān, ...
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In the vast but arid and semi-desert land of Iran, rain has always been life-giving and effective for the people. Due to this, the goddess of rain “Tištar Yašt” has been left from the ancient times of Iran, Which is highly respected and praised. And the celebration of Tῑrgān, which is held in this period, is a reminder of the importance of the rain god in ancient times. In an ancient village called Sharifābād, which dates back to the eighth century AH. Many Mobeds who lived in this village in the past have played an effective role in guiding the Zoroastrians and Parsees in India. An ancient celebration was held in honor of the Tištrya named Tištarīm with a special ritual. This special ritual of holding Tištarīm has not been reported anywhere else. However, in this village, a festival called Tīr-Māhi is also held, which is similar to the Tῑrgān festival in other places. By collecting field documents related to the two celebrations of Tištarīm and Tīr-Māhi in this village, apart from getting acquainted with these and the way they are held, we seek the answer to this question. Did the people of this village differentiate between these two celebrations “Tištarīm and Tīr-Māhi”? And did they recognize both of them? Considering that these people never mention them alone in the mention of the two gods, Tir and Tishtar, and always refer to them together as "Tir and Tishtar", and during one year, at two different times to celebrate the ritual and that according to the available evidence of active priests and awareness lived in this village, it is believed that these people in the distant past, between the gods of Tir and Tishtar. most of this is the goddess of rain, who has etiquette because of the goddess and the dry land of Yazd, but it should be remembered that in The common chronology there is this Tir that between the days of the month and between the months of the year and arises from the equalization and accompaniment of the name of the day and the month is Tirgan.
Bahman Firouzmandi Shireh Jin; Mehdi Rahbar; Mostafa Deh Pahlavan
Abstract
Hellenism is a part of Iran’s historical period. This era starts with the devastating onslaught of Alexander, the Macedonian warlord. Our historical sources introduce Alexander with a collection of mythic-historical features which make us visualize the real Alexander with an ambiguous image. The ...
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Hellenism is a part of Iran’s historical period. This era starts with the devastating onslaught of Alexander, the Macedonian warlord. Our historical sources introduce Alexander with a collection of mythic-historical features which make us visualize the real Alexander with an ambiguous image. The conflicting viewpoints of eastern and western historical works in pre-Islamic periods can be the reason for this scrutiny. Specially, the eastern works which show the formation of an intellectual movement and the religious resistance of Iranian society and their clergies in Hellenist, Parthian and Sassanid periods against Hellenistic traditions. The quality of Iranian and Muslim historians’ deviation from depending on western sources and historical works would be clear through studying Alexandropedias and Islamic sources.
Hasan Karimian; Majid Montazer- Zohouri
Abstract
The round city of Ardeshir Khwarah, with its concentric layout, can be considered as the first city which established by the founder of the Sasanian dynasty as a symbol of the Sasanian royal ideology. Ardeshir Khwarah plays a key role in establishment of Sasanian sovereignty and urban planning. However, ...
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The round city of Ardeshir Khwarah, with its concentric layout, can be considered as the first city which established by the founder of the Sasanian dynasty as a symbol of the Sasanian royal ideology. Ardeshir Khwarah plays a key role in establishment of Sasanian sovereignty and urban planning. However, a little is known about the history of the city. It seems even stranger if we consider the reports of the early Islamic geographers and historians, recording that the city was flourishing until 5th century A.H. Now lots of questions can be posed about the city. What kind of information can be extracted from historical written sources concerning the reason and process of formation, thriving and abandonment of the city? In other word, how the city has changed during the transitional period from Sasanian to Islamic period? Based on the historical sources, the present paper deals with the historical identity of the city and its spatial order and functional characters.
Alireza Khosrowzadeh; Mahmoud Heydariyan; Hamid mohamadi
Abstract
The district of Miyān Kūh in the Ardal Town,Chahār Mahāl Bakhtiari Province, because of its high mountains, deep valleys and the fields among small mounts, being placed in the path of the was dering tribes has been the focus of the attention. The rigion has two different viewpoint. One part ...
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The district of Miyān Kūh in the Ardal Town,Chahār Mahāl Bakhtiari Province, because of its high mountains, deep valleys and the fields among small mounts, being placed in the path of the was dering tribes has been the focus of the attention. The rigion has two different viewpoint. One part featuring the mounts Chēhēl Cheshme and Gereh with the altitude of more than 3500 m., has cold winter and mild summers, while the other part with alow altitude between 1100 to 1800 m is hot in summers and cold in winters. Such geographical and meteorological properties has caused the region Miyān Kūh feature rich postures in many months of the year and thus the region be prone to formation and development of human societies with husbandary living from very early times to now. According to the three seasons of close study of the region in the years 1387-1390, number 25 of the Middle Elamite site was identified and recorded. Most identified Middle Elamite site are situatd in the small and larg valleys and at the foot of altitudes. Additionally, they all possess morphological properties of the settlements contemporary and the hints for the continuation of their settlements are only visible in some parts.
Rasoul Arabkhani
Abstract
Evliya Chelebi (1611-1682), was an ethnically Ottoman explorer who travelled through the territory of the Ottoman Empire and neighboring lands over a period of forty years, recording his commentary in a travelogue called the Seyahatname. During his lifetime, Evliya Chelebi ...
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Evliya Chelebi (1611-1682), was an ethnically Ottoman explorer who travelled through the territory of the Ottoman Empire and neighboring lands over a period of forty years, recording his commentary in a travelogue called the Seyahatname. During his lifetime, Evliya Chelebi made three journeys to Safavid Iran: the first in 1646 to Azerbaijan and Caucasus, the second in 1647 which was a very short one, and the third in 1655 to Azerbaijan and western and central parts of Iran. During all his travels he explored Iran as an official who had been sent by the Ottoman government to fulfill his mission and duties. During the years of Chelebi’s travels to the Safavid Empire, the hostile relationship between the two countries had turned amicable following the Treaty of Zuhab signed in 1639. Throughout these years, the two Empires sent various delegations to the states of one another to settle the territorial disputes and resolve the problems in the provisions of the Treaty. Notwithstanding the duties he had to run as an official agent who travelled to Iran, Evliya Chelebi used to write some notes of his observations and the stories he heard about different places and people he encountered. Reading his collection of notes and commentaries, one can have a better understanding of the cultural and political atmosphere dominant in the Safavid and Ottoman Empires. His travelogue also gives us a pattern of the way the Ottomans viewed the Persian society and the politics of the late Safavid era, particularly during the reign of Shah Safi and Shah Abbas II. The notes of Chelebi’s explorations together with the plethora of information he provides on the political and administrative situations of the Safavid period is very beneficial to finding out more about and rebuilding the historical and cultural geographies of Persia during this period. This paper aims to rebuild the map on which Evliya Chelebi moved around in the Persian territory based on the descriptions he has provided of the routes, towns and cities, then it goes on to analyze Chelebi's viewpoints in the context of Safavid-Ottoman ties.
mahdi salah
Abstract
The process of reform in the time of the second parliament (November 15, 1909 – December 24, 1911), which resulted in inviting Morgan Shuster for financial improvements in the late Qajar era, represented the controversy between tradition and modernism in Iran. Many factors were against the process ...
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The process of reform in the time of the second parliament (November 15, 1909 – December 24, 1911), which resulted in inviting Morgan Shuster for financial improvements in the late Qajar era, represented the controversy between tradition and modernism in Iran. Many factors were against the process of change in Iran and could lead to social crises. Actually, the implementation of fundamental reforms was very problematic, regarding the specific social model of Iran, and the resistance of the traditional forces. This research, which is based on archival documents and historical sources, seeks to answer these questions: what were the main powers against Shuster's measures, and what were their motivations? The hypothesis was that the challenge between tradition and modernism was very influential; but the research findings demonstrate that in addition to traditional domestic factors such as princes, courtiers, landlords, and ..., who generally opposed any changes, foreign forces of Russia and Britain were among the main opponents as well.
Kolthom Ghazanfari; ehsan mohammadi
Abstract
Persian epic poems often recite the narratives related to ancient Iran. Besides Shahname, other epic poems may root back in the Sassanid era, therefore, one can expect that the Zoroastrian concepts and beliefs affected these poems. One of the most essential concepts in Zoroastrian texts is wisdom, and ...
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Persian epic poems often recite the narratives related to ancient Iran. Besides Shahname, other epic poems may root back in the Sassanid era, therefore, one can expect that the Zoroastrian concepts and beliefs affected these poems. One of the most essential concepts in Zoroastrian texts is wisdom, and the present paper examines the continuity of this concept in epic poems. The case study and comparison of the concept of wisdom in the Zoroastrian texts and the epic poems show that the poems follow the Zoroastrian, especially the Pahlavi literature. This continuity is not only in the significance of the concept of wisdom but also in the description of its features and the similes related to it. Although the concept of wisdom in these poems is not as bold as its influence in Shahname of Ferdowsi, it can still be traced; especially in Garshasb-name, in which many couplets are devoted to the concept of wisdom and the similes are closer to the ones in Pahlavi texts.
Majed Tameh
Abstract
One of the oldest medical schools in the world is Ayūrvedic school or Indian traditional medicine whose history goes back to five thousand years ago. This school, which was formed and came to maturity in India, has affected on other medical schools in the world and Iranian medical school has been affected ...
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One of the oldest medical schools in the world is Ayūrvedic school or Indian traditional medicine whose history goes back to five thousand years ago. This school, which was formed and came to maturity in India, has affected on other medical schools in the world and Iranian medical school has been affected by it. In remnant texts of one of the Eastern Middle Iranian languages, Khotanese, in East Turkestan, also known as Xinjiang of China, effect of this school is clearly obvious. Some of the most important Ayūrvedic texts has been fully or patially translated into Khotanese and a small amount of them are still extant. Among the most important surviving medical texts in Khotanese, which in fact are rendering of original Indian medical texts, may be noted Siddhasāra and Jīvakapusta. The present paper aims at presentation these texts and reviewing their content.
Kazem Mollazade
Abstract
During archaeological survey in 2003, a unique pedestal has been found in a farm in Owjtapeh (Bukān) which, upon its artistic features, seemed to belong to Iron Age III and to the site of Qalaychi. This pedestal has been transferred to its present place after illegal excavations. There cannot be found ...
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During archaeological survey in 2003, a unique pedestal has been found in a farm in Owjtapeh (Bukān) which, upon its artistic features, seemed to belong to Iron Age III and to the site of Qalaychi. This pedestal has been transferred to its present place after illegal excavations. There cannot be found a similar pedestal in Iran, but there are some comparable samples in Assyrian sites and inscriptions which show artistic relations between northwest of Iran to Assyrian Empire. The aim of this article is to study the origin and date of this object and to support its relation to Qalaychi site.
Meysam Labbaf-Khaniki; Bahman Firouzmandi; Alireza Khosrowzadeh
Abstract
The Sasanian settlements located Persian Gulf shores proving the economic-political sovereignty of Iran over the Persian Gulf through preislamic era denotes commercial relations between Iran and other regions. The remains of Sasanian sites and scattered ceramic sherds help us to apprehend the history ...
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The Sasanian settlements located Persian Gulf shores proving the economic-political sovereignty of Iran over the Persian Gulf through preislamic era denotes commercial relations between Iran and other regions. The remains of Sasanian sites and scattered ceramic sherds help us to apprehend the history of the socio-political organization of the Persian Gulf sphere and recognize the interactions between ancient ports and cities. In the paper after a historical introduction about Sasanian Persian Gulf, we have studied the archaeological evidences of Sasanian settlements in both Persian and Arabian shores of Persian Gulf.
saeid sattarnezhad; habib shahbazi shiran; Esmaeel Maroufi
Abstract
One of the main rock sites of Maragheh is the rock-cut architectural complex at the west part of the Observatory Hill. Despite being on the National Monuments list; this rock-cut site’s use is not studied comprehensively yet. The structure is located at the end of Pasdaran (former Darayi) Street, ...
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One of the main rock sites of Maragheh is the rock-cut architectural complex at the west part of the Observatory Hill. Despite being on the National Monuments list; this rock-cut site’s use is not studied comprehensively yet. The structure is located at the end of Pasdaran (former Darayi) Street, below the historical site of the Observatory Hill. This valuable complex includes a number of troglodytic spaces consist of barrel vault and vault revetments on the foundation of limestone. The chronology and use of this site – like many other rock sites in Iran – are the essential questions raised about it. This paper describes the structure and architecture of the rock-cut complex of the Observatory Hill, and seeks to determine its use and relative chronology. Regarding the archaeological data of the site and the history of this architecture in Maragheh, and comparing it with other rock-cut structures, it can be concluded that the site was created during the Islamic era. The structure had a ritualistic use for Christians and Buddhists, and during the Ghazan Khan religious reforms it was enlarged and extended; however, until the Qajar period was used as the monastery of the Assyrian Christians.
Shahrokh Razmjou
Abstract
A small terracotta figurine of a rider is held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, which was found in Cyprus. The rider has a Persian attire, possibly showing a Persian character with signs and features of the Achaemenid era. Comparing the details of the figurine with similar artifacts can ...
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A small terracotta figurine of a rider is held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, which was found in Cyprus. The rider has a Persian attire, possibly showing a Persian character with signs and features of the Achaemenid era. Comparing the details of the figurine with similar artifacts can suggest its functions. It was made in the Hellenistic style; therefore, it belongs to the post-Achaemenid period. The Persian and Achaemenid features and elements in the figurine may represent the continuation of Iranian presence in the social structure and cultural affairs of the region after the collapse of the Achaemenid empire; on the other hand, they prove the presence of the Persians in Cyprus throughout the 3rd century BC. Given the insufficient evidence of this period, such pieces can be extremely significant.
Hamidreza Dalvand
Abstract
In 1238-1243 AD, during the reign of Mohammad Vali Mirza in Yazd, the Zoroastrians were accused of blasphemy and infidelity. And finally, the Qajar prince asked them questions about the basis of religion and in this way, their religious legitimacy was proven and cleared of accusation. Mobed Khodabakhsh ...
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In 1238-1243 AD, during the reign of Mohammad Vali Mirza in Yazd, the Zoroastrians were accused of blasphemy and infidelity. And finally, the Qajar prince asked them questions about the basis of religion and in this way, their religious legitimacy was proven and cleared of accusation. Mobed Khodabakhsh son of Forud, Dastur Kheikhosro son of Khodabakhsh and Herbed Jamasp were the ones who answered the questions. This important event led the Zoroastrian community to formulate and sustain these questions and answers. In 1207 Y., Herbed Khodabakhsh son of HerbedJamasp Mubarake composed them in a treatise entitled Din Mas’ala (Problem of The Religion). A manuscript of it, No. 358, is kept in the ManekjiCollection of the Cama Library. This treatise was published in Mumbai in the year 1949 AD by the efforts of Soroush Azarmi son of Tirandaz. The defense and passive expression of Zoroastrian theology comprise a significant portion of Zoroastrian texts in Persian. This texts begin with the famous treatise of ‘Ulama-ye Islam at late sixth century AH/ Y. The authors of the above texts are trying to introduce the Zoroastrian religion in a way as there is no difference between it and Islam. In this article, the concept of passive and defensive theology is discussed and introduced on the basis of the mentioned treatise.
Kourosh Salehi; Mohsen Morsalpour; Fatemeh Koukabadi
Abstract
Formation of the Ilkhanid rule and conversion of Hulagu to Buddhism Let Buddhists to participate in Ilkhanid rule. Buddhists hadnot any role in Iranian politics before, and this was seen as a permission to them to take part in the statecraft. After this, many Buddhists migrated from China, Tibet, and ...
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Formation of the Ilkhanid rule and conversion of Hulagu to Buddhism Let Buddhists to participate in Ilkhanid rule. Buddhists hadnot any role in Iranian politics before, and this was seen as a permission to them to take part in the statecraft. After this, many Buddhists migrated from China, Tibet, and the Uyghurestan to Iran. They built some temples which sought to convert people to Buddhism. Some of the Ilkhanid Kings converted to Buddhism and like Hulagu and Abaqa Khan appointed some of Buddhists as their consultants. Buddhists developed area of their influence up to get involved in military and political affairs. They were in good position till Ghazan converted to Islam and left them between converting to Islam or leaving the country.
Ehsan Shavarebi
Abstract
The beginning of studies on Sasanian numismatics goes back to the 18th century. Since then Sasanian numismatics has experienced different periods and schools and remarkably advanced by new approaches and methods. Today, many questions of Sasanian history and archaeology find numismatic answers. The present ...
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The beginning of studies on Sasanian numismatics goes back to the 18th century. Since then Sasanian numismatics has experienced different periods and schools and remarkably advanced by new approaches and methods. Today, many questions of Sasanian history and archaeology find numismatic answers. The present paper is arranged in three general parts, which, respectively, provide an introduction to the history of Sasanian numismatics from the 18th century up to now, major collections of Sasanian coins in the world, and new methodological bases and approaches of modern studies on Sasanian numismatics.
Ali Rasooli
Abstract
In various historical periods, the peninsula of Bushehr has facilitated maritime communications in the middle of the northern coast of the Persian Gulf through important ports such as Lian, Rishehr, and Bushehr. However, from the sixth to the eighth century AH, it seems that this role transferred to ...
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In various historical periods, the peninsula of Bushehr has facilitated maritime communications in the middle of the northern coast of the Persian Gulf through important ports such as Lian, Rishehr, and Bushehr. However, from the sixth to the eighth century AH, it seems that this role transferred to the new port of Khurshif located within cape Shif. The present research studies the creation, operations, and decline of this port. It demonstrates that, during the sixth century, Khurshif was created due to its geographical position; that is because it was convenient to Shiraz, Kazeroon, and the Persian Gulf. Then, during the seventh and early eighth century, it played important roles in the connection between Fars and southern Iraq, the defense of the Kish Island, and the expansion of the Murshadi path. Finally, it deteriorated due to insecurity in the southern regions of the country and the shift of the centrality of the Persian Gulf sea power to New Hormuz (Jerun). The findings highlight the geographical importance of the cape Shif and illuminate a part of the history of marine activities around the peninsula of Bushehr during the Middle Ages of Iran.
Keshvad Siahpour
Abstract
Gilooyeh clan or rouzbeh family was one of the most famous and effective Iranian clans of Fars during the first three centuries Sassanids who was gradually successful to penetrate in Abbasid Caliphate and to show their important roles in social- political events, in addition to their periodic battles ...
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Gilooyeh clan or rouzbeh family was one of the most famous and effective Iranian clans of Fars during the first three centuries Sassanids who was gradually successful to penetrate in Abbasid Caliphate and to show their important roles in social- political events, in addition to their periodic battles with aggressive and dominant Arabs. Gilooyeh himself who was the most famous and prominent member of his clan to the scale that made him to rule a wide part of Fars and the region was named Gilooyeh after him.Gathered a great army and fought the clan of Abu Dolafe Ejli who attended and dominated on some parts of Iran, particularly the Persian Iraq ,from 2nd century.Despite the temporary successes and the death of the Maaqal, the brother of Abu Dolafe, he was finally killed.His vast territory, included regions from about Shiraz to Semirom, Lordegan, Arejan( Behbahan), some parts of the Persian Gulf shores, Mamasani, Kohgiluye and Boyer Ahmad, was considered as the territory of his clan. His sons, Khalid and Hassan, and his grandson, Muhammad bin Hassan attended and influenced in the court of Abbasid Caliphs and kept the important role of the clan on. This article, accomplished on a historical library method, is trying to reply to this question: “what was the social and political role of the Iranian Gilooyeh clan in Abbasid caliphate?”
Ebtehaj Salimi; Hassan Zandiyeh; Manochehr Samadivand; Masomeh Garedagi
Abstract
The dismissal of Reza Shah from political power changed the country’s political structure dramatically and began in the political and social spheres a new phase of parliamentary activities, parties, movements, and social classes. These changes affected the National Consultative Assembly election ...
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The dismissal of Reza Shah from political power changed the country’s political structure dramatically and began in the political and social spheres a new phase of parliamentary activities, parties, movements, and social classes. These changes affected the National Consultative Assembly election and people’s participation in electing their representatives in Tehran and elsewhere in the country, so that each of these newly-formed parties and movements interfered in it without any legal prohibition, and the election went out of government’s control for some time. The participation of people in the relatively free elections of the fourteenth parliament was the first experience of the Iranian nation after the fall of the first Pahlavi’s dictatorship, and it was widely welcomed. This paper surveys different parties, groups, and personalities that, freed from the difficult political conditions of the first Pahlavi, participated in the elections in Kermanshah as an important and strategic region located in western Iran. This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and relying on documentary and library manuscripts, with analyzing the voting process, tries to find out what the influential factors in the 14th National Consultative Assembly election in Kermanshah were. The results show that unlike Reza Shah’s era, the 14th election was not monopolized by any of the political and social forces, and the candidates were affiliated with various and opposing influential groups. In the first election of the second Pahlavi era, in order to weaken the Pahlavi court, participation increased and the centers of power especially tribes and nomads and foreign political agents conducted activities during the parliamentary elections to achieve their political goals. Therefore, this period of the election was influenced by domestic and foreign agents. So new candidates entered the parliament.
mehdi qadernejad; Abdollah Aghaie
Abstract
The hunting icon is one of the first function's that mankind has always tried to depict throughout its history. In ...
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The hunting icon is one of the first function's that mankind has always tried to depict throughout its history. In ancient Iran, hunting has a religious role and has an important place. In the meantime, Mithraism is one of the religions that has perpetuated the notion of hunting through images. One of these images is the scene of Mithra hunting in the altar of Dura-Europos. We see the repetition of this image in Taq-I Bustan and in the hunting scene of the king. To study the continuity of the hunting scene image (the hunter Mithra to the hunter king), we have used the iconography approach of Erwin Panofsky.Continuity and repetition is somehow implied in the image-icon and is the internal logic of iconology, Iconology is one of the most important approaches that has been used in the study of image. That’s why we use this approach in the present study. The main question of the present article is why the bas-relief of the hunter-king in the Taq-I Bustan is the continuation or conceptual continuation of the same idea of the hunter Mithra on the wall painting of Dura-Europos? The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical and the materials have been collected through documents and libraries. According to the two images studied, it can be said that the idea of practical hunting is to show the struggle between Mithra-Shah and the forces of evil, in order to show the victory of good over evil, and in this way practices such as teaching the principles of aristocracy, passing stages of youth-practice, sacrifice, killing the boar and its associated symbol, etca are continuaously accompaniments of hunting action. The iconology of the idea of hunting shows that the concept of hunting has gone beyond hobby and its mere meaning and has taken on historical, cultural and religious-political values. Moreover it has continued over time and has been repeated and preserved in images like in Taq-I Bustan.
Cheten Tash; Mahmod Jafari Dehaghi
Abstract
The Kurdish language is a chain of interconnected western Iranian dialects. In terms of phonetics, morphology, and syntax, this language has many common features with the modern Iranian languages around it, as well as Middle Iranian languages, such as Middle Persian. One of these features is irony. ...
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The Kurdish language is a chain of interconnected western Iranian dialects. In terms of phonetics, morphology, and syntax, this language has many common features with the modern Iranian languages around it, as well as Middle Iranian languages, such as Middle Persian. One of these features is irony. In the construction of irony, the behavior of the subject and the direct object is fundamentally different from the subject-object system in terms of mode and marking. According to the order of dependence, each verb has dependents that necessarily come with it based on its capacity. Subject, direct object and indirect object are dependents of the verb. In this research, based on the order of dependence, the behavior of the verb and its relationship with its dependents in the construction of irony in the Kurdish language has been investigated and compared with Middle Persian. And by examining examples from Middle Persian and Kurdish languages, an attempt has been made to analyze the problem of verb conjugation, and at the end, a special case of verb conjugation in these languages is examined. The Kurdish language is a chain of interconnected western Iranian dialects. In terms of phonetics, morphology, and syntax, this language has many common features with the modern Iranian languages around it, as well as Middle Iranian languages, such as Middle Persian. One of these features is irony. In the construction of irony, the behavior of the subject and the direct object is fundamentally different from the subject-object system in terms of mode and marking. According to the order of dependence, each verb has dependents that necessarily come with it based on its capacity. Subject, direct object and indirect object are dependents of the verb. In this research, based on the order of dependence, the behavior of the verb and its relationship with its dependents in the construction of irony in the Kurdish language has been investigated and compared with Middle Persian. And by examining examples from Middle Persian and Kurdish languages, an attempt has been made to analyze the problem of verb conjugation, and at the end, a special case of verb conjugation in these languages is examined.
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Noor al-Din Nemati; Jamal Pirehmard Shotorban
Abstract
The constitutional movement was one of the most decisive events in the history of Iran. One of the consequences of constitutionalism was the formation of associations that worked in various ways to support or criticize the constitution. "Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh" of Tabriz was one of these organizations, ...
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The constitutional movement was one of the most decisive events in the history of Iran. One of the consequences of constitutionalism was the formation of associations that worked in various ways to support or criticize the constitution. "Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh" of Tabriz was one of these organizations, which in 1326 A.H., with the efforts of a group of Tabriz clerics, including Mir Hashem-e Davachi, was established in the vicinity of the gate of Sorkhab and the alley of Davachi/Shotorban. After the parliament was bombed by the king (Muhammad Ali Shah) the association became a supporter of the government. Despite the importance of the subject, so far no independent article has been written about the Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, and the present article seeks to fill a part of the existing scientific gap. In addition, by criticizing the dominant view of Iran's constitutional history, the article has tried to adopt a new approach to constitutional critic associations, especially Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which is based on the review of sources.The establishment, continuity and fall of Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh raises the question of how and with what motivation the association was formed and what role did it play in the developments of Tabriz in the midst of the transition period? in this article, an attempt has been made to answer the above question with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the qualitative research method. The hypothesis of the current research is that Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which was formed from the religious, political, social and economic motives of the "Founders of Eslamiyeh", at the beginning of the so called "Estebdad-e Saghir" period, became a center of support for the government of MuhammadAli shah in Tabriz, but the conflict of opinions of the founders of Eslamiyeh along with the resistance of the people of Tabriz and their suspicion of the government forces, paved its way to collapse.AbstractThe constitutional movement was one of the most decisive events in the history of Iran. One of the consequences of constitutionalism was the formation of associations that worked in various ways to support or criticize the constitution. "Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh" of Tabriz was one of these organizations, which in 1326 A.H., with the efforts of a group of Tabriz clerics, including Mir Hashem-e Davachi, was established in the vicinity of the gate of Sorkhab and the alley of Davachi/Shotorban. After the parliament was bombed by the king (Muhammad Ali Shah) the association became a supporter of the government. Despite the importance of the subject, so far no independent article has been written about the Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, and the present article seeks to fill a part of the existing scientific gap. In addition, by criticizing the dominant view of Iran's constitutional history, the article has tried to adopt a new approach to constitutional critic associations, especially Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which is based on the review of sources.The establishment, continuity and fall of Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh raises the question of how and with what motivation the association was formed and what role did it play in the developments of Tabriz in the midst of the transition period? in this article, an attempt has been made to answer the above question with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the qualitative research method. The hypothesis of the current research is that Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which was formed from the religious, political, social and economic motives of the "Founders of Eslamiyeh", at the beginning of the so called "Estebdad-e Saghir" period, became a center of support for the government of MuhammadAli shah in Tabriz, but the conflict of opinions of the founders of Eslamiyeh along with the resistance of the people of Tabriz and their suspicion of the government forces, paved its way to collapse.KeywordsConstitutionalism, Tabriz, Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, Mir Hashem-e Davachi, Estebdad-e Saghir.
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Abdul Reza Seif; Milad Movahedi rad; Aliasghar Eskandari
Abstract
Synesthesia (sensualism) is a kind of deviation from the norm of meaning, which by breaking the normal system of words and creating a concept contrary to the habit, creates literary pleasure in the audience. In this way of writing, the poet shatters the common mental system of the reader or listener ...
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Synesthesia (sensualism) is a kind of deviation from the norm of meaning, which by breaking the normal system of words and creating a concept contrary to the habit, creates literary pleasure in the audience. In this way of writing, the poet shatters the common mental system of the reader or listener by breaking the superficial structure of the words and not their deep structure and creates a new and pristine image to surprise the audience. In this essay, the authors, inspired by the analytical linguistics school of Lakoff and Johnson, have examined the prevalence of descriptive, analytical, and sensuous in Hafez's poems. The following article shows that the feeling in Hafez's poems, in addition to its different types of feeling; It implies different and different semantic concepts. One of the interesting methods in Hafez's poems is the emphasis on a special type of senses in sensing and transferring meaning from the source area to different areas of semantic purposes. By choosing this type of sensation, Hafez has increased the rhetorical and artistic texture of the speech, and in order to enhance the dignity and rank of tangible things and connect the mental and objective worlds, he has paid special attention to objective-abstract sensation.
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خلیل کهریزی
Volume 11, Issue 1 , September 2021, , Pages 79-94
Abstract
The spread of national narrations is common in the history of their narration and writings. Sometimes this expansion is done with the aim of explaining and interpreting a sentence or a part of the main narrative, in the form of a sub-story. Therefore, these stories can also help to unveil the textual ...
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The spread of national narrations is common in the history of their narration and writings. Sometimes this expansion is done with the aim of explaining and interpreting a sentence or a part of the main narrative, in the form of a sub-story. Therefore, these stories can also help to unveil the textual knots; because they gain a historical understanding of a sentence or a word in the form of a sub-narrative. One of the cases of spreading the narrative is the story that has been mentioned in some sources in the discussion of Anoushiran''s financial reforms. In talking about the financial reforms of this king, the line of narration in Shahnameh and most of the chronicles is such that with a brief reference to the status of tribute in the period of previous kings, there is talk of the beginning of reforms in Ghobad''s time when remains unfinished with his death and Anoushiran continued the reforms . Some chroniclers have cut along this line, and before beginning to talk about Anoushirvan''s reforms, they have narrated a story that is also Ghobad''s main motivation for financial reform. In this article, we try, first, to talk about the recording and the correct meaning of the phrase "No one praises the escaped one" of the kingdom of Anoushirvan, which is in a chaotic state in the manuscripts and the editions of this book, with the help of this narration. After that, we will discuss the authenticity of the narration and the origin of this narration in the second part of the article, and thus show one of the examples of the spread of narration in the national narrations.After that, we will discuss the authenticity of the narration and the origin of this narration in the second part of the article, and thus show one of the examples of the spread of narration in the national narrations
Moahmmad Bagher Vosoughi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , December 2011, , Pages 81-94
Abstract
The foremost constant and incessant social development in history of Persian Gulf is “immigration and population displacement” at both sides of this region. This phenomenon is so important that no one may comprehend properly the events and incidents occurred in this region particularly at ...
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The foremost constant and incessant social development in history of Persian Gulf is “immigration and population displacement” at both sides of this region. This phenomenon is so important that no one may comprehend properly the events and incidents occurred in this region particularly at pre- petroleum exploration regardless of investigation and considering this issue in mind. If we divide Persian Gulf longitudinally in to northern and southern parts by drawing an assumed line, it is clearly obvious that direction of such immigration has been oriented from south to north of yore until the early period of 14th hegira century (20th cen. AD). In the present study, term “ north” stands for Iranian current beaches at northern side of Persian Gulf and term “south” denotes seashores at the present countries like Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Oman. Although social groups in Persian Gulf have frequently immigrated over the time in this region, but at some part of history and due to certain reasons and factors, a large wave of these immigrations has been brought about and deeply affected on social and political structure at this region. One of the most influencing examples of these immigrations has occurred in ancient period of Iran that is infact considered as “the first wave of south- to- north immigration”. In this study and based on main sources, the first immigration and population displacement in Persian Gulf has been characterized and evaluated as a historical subject.
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hasan Atash Ab parvar; mohamadkarim yousefjamali; Esmaeil sangari; shokouh alsadat Arabi hashemi
Abstract
How the universe was originally created and the creation of natural elements and their fit with numbers has always been of human interest. Although the myths of creation reflect the mindset of primitive man, they often seek a purposeful structure. With the importance and role that water has in life and ...
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How the universe was originally created and the creation of natural elements and their fit with numbers has always been of human interest. Although the myths of creation reflect the mindset of primitive man, they often seek a purposeful structure. With the importance and role that water has in life and has caused it to play a special role in the beliefs of all nations, a group of ancient tribes sought the origin of all creation in water. The existence of water at the beginning of creation based on ancient Iranian texts has always been considered and in the belief of the ancient Iranians, the creation of water takes place after the sky. In pre-Zoroastrian religions and also in Zoroastrian religion, water has always been sacred and goddesses and goddesses were in charge of protecting and guarding it. A significant part of the myths of ancient Iranian religions is dedicated to water. In the cultural and biological system of the early periods of life, humans used special methods to recognize and introduce the phenomena of existence, one of which is myth. Myths are among the first arguments and cognitive explanations of early humans to determine the nature and location of the available and unknown elements of nature, and they include part of the human cognitive system in the beginning of mankind. This research has studied and analyzed the role of sacred numbers three and seven in the creation of waters with a descriptive and analytical approach. The results of the research indicate that numbers influence nature and the objects under their control, and in this way they mediate between God and the world of creation. In between, the number three is more spiritual and has a role in religious belief and Yazidi and good affairs, and the number seven is more material and sometimes spiritual in the creation of water.
