نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموختۀ دورۀ دکتری تاریخ دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشیار تاریخ دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

روابط تجاری ایران و چین از طریق مسیر­های دریایی در دورۀ ساسانی از جمله مباحث مورد اختلاف در میان پژوهشگران این حوزه از مطالعات است، تا جائی‌که برخی ادعا می­کنند که هیچ گونه شواهدی از تماس مستقیم دریانوردان و بازرگانان چینی و ایرانی در دورۀ باستان وجود ندارد و تجارت مستقیم بین این دو کشور در قرون نخستین بعد از اسلام آغاز شده است. مقالۀ حاضر بر آن است تا براساس  شواهد تاریخی، باستان­شناختی و مدارک سکه­ها در ایران و چین نشان دهد که ارتباطات بین ایران و چین از قرن ششم میلادی با حضور ایرانیان در بنادر جنوب چین آغاز شده است. بعدها خلیج فارس، به خاطر اهمیت یافتن سیراف در گسترش تجارت دریایی بین ایران و چین در قرن نهم میلادی،  مرکز تجارت منظم بین ایران و چین از طریق دریا بوده است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Sīrāf: Maritime Trade between Iran and China During Late Sasanid Period and Early Islamic Centuries

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamidreza Pasha Zanous 1
  • Farajollah Ahmadi 2

1 Ph.D of History, University of Tehran

2 Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Tehran

چکیده [English]

Since the evidence for direct maritime trade between the Sassanid Empire and China is exiguous, it has often been asserted that there was no direct sea commerce between these two countries. Scholars claim that there is nothing to prove direct Chinese sailings to Iran before Islam and say that direct sea commerce between them was occurred during early Islamic Period. Based on the historical, archaeological and numismatic evidence in Iran and China, this article tries to show that contacts between Persians and Chinese started from sixth century A.D because of the presence of Persians in southern ports of China. Later, Persian Gulf saw a regular Persian-Chinese trade because of the role of Sīrāf port in the expanding of Persian-Chinese relations at the ninth century A.D.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Iran
  • China
  • Sasanians
  • Maritime trade
  • Sīrāf
ابن بلخی (1374). فارسنامه، توضیح و تحشیه از منصور رستگار فسایی، شیراز، بنیاد فارس شناسی .                               
استخری، ابواسحاق ابراهیم (1340). مسالک و ممالک، تصحیح ایرج افشار، تهران، بنگاه ترجمه و نشر کتاب.
اسمعیلی، محمد اسماعیل (1386). « گزارش مقدماتی کاوش نجات بخشی در سیراف ( بخش اول:     کاوش در ترانشۀ I)» مجموعه مقالات نهمین گردهمایی سالانۀ باستان شناسی ایران، تهران، پژوهشکدۀ باستان‌شناسی، جلد سوم، صص. 18-56.
بلاذری، احمد بن یحیی (1367).  فتوح البدان، ترجمه و مقدمه از دکتر محمد توکل، نشر نقره، چاپ اول.
دریایی، تورج (1384). تاریخ و فرهنگ ساسانی، ترجمۀ مهرداد قدرت دیزجی، ققنوس.
سیرافی، ابوزید (1380). رحلة السیرافی، بغداد، دارالحدیث، جلد اول.
طبری، محمد بن جریر (1352). تاریخ طبری (تاریخ الرسل و الملوک). ترجمۀ ابوالقاسم پاینده، انتشارات بنیاد فرهنگ ایران.
قاسم بگلو، مرتضی (1385). سکه‌های سیراف، بوشهر، انتشارات موسسه مطالعات تاریخ معاصر ایران.
مسعودی، ابوالحسن علی بن حسین (1356). مروج الذهب و معادن الجواهر، ترجمۀ ابوالقاسم پاینده، تهران، بنگاه ترجمه و نشر کتاب.
معصومی، غلام رضا ( 1374). سیراف (بندر طاهری)، تهران، نشر قطره، چاپ دوم.
 
Al-Naboodah, H. M. 1992. The Commercial Activity of Bahrain and Oman in the Early Middle Ages, the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 22:81-96.
Chau Ju-kua. 1911. His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelfth and thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu-fan-chï, Translated from the Chinese and Annotated by Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill, St. Petersburg, Printing Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
Cosmas Indicopleustes.1897. The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk, New York, tr. by J. W. McCrindle.
Cribb, J. 1986. Far East,” in: A Survey of Numismatic Research 1978–1984, vol. 2, eds. M. Price, E. Besly, D. Macdowall, M. Jones, and A. Oddy, London. pp. 81-85.
Cribb, J and Potts, D. 1996. Chinese coin finds from Arabia and the Persian Gulf, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy: 108-118.
Curtin, Philip D.1984. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Daryaee, T. 2003. The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity, Journal of World History, vol. 14, 1:1-16.
Daryaee, T. 2009. The Persian Gulf in Late Antiquity: The Sasanian Era (200-700 C.E.), The Persian Gulf in History, ed. L.G. Potter) 57-70(, Palgrave, New York.
Deeg, M. 2009. Maritime Routes in the Indian Ocean in Early Times According to Chinese Buddhist Texts, in: Ralph Kauz (ed.), Interaction on the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz-Verlag.
Hourani, George. 1951. Arab Seafaring: in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times, Princeton, ‌Princeton University Press.
Hourani, George. 1947. Direct Sailing between the Persian Gulf and China in Pre-Islamic Times, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 2 :157-160.
Houston, R. C. 1975. A Note on Two Coin Hoards Reported in Kao Ku, The American Numismatic Society, Museum Notes 20:153-160.
Hsia Nai. 1974 . Tsung-shu Chung-kuo ch u-t’u ti Po-ssu Sa-san ch’ao yin-pi’ (A survey of Sasanian silver coins found in China), K’ao-ku hsüeh-pao: 91-110.
Huff,D.1986."Archaeologyiv.Sasanian,EncyclopediaIranica,http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/archeology-iv
Insoll, T. 2005. The Land Of Enki In The Islamic Era: Pearls, Palms, and Religious Identity in Bahrain, London, Kegan Paul.
Kauz, R and Ptak, R. 2001. Hormuz in Yuan and Ming sources, . In: Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, Tome 88:27-75.
Kröger, J. 1979. Sasanian Iran and India: Questions of Interaction, in: South Asian Archaeology, ed. H. Härtel (Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe: 441-448.
Laufer, Berthold. 1919. Sino-Iranica; Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in ancient Iran, with special reference to the history of cultivated plants and products, Chicago, Publication (Field Museum of Natural History:1909), Anthropological series,  vol. xv, no. 3.
Le strange, G. 1873. The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, New York, Barnes and Noble.
Lowick, Nicholas M.  1985. The coins and monumental inscriptions, London, The British Institute of Persian Studies.
Nai, H. 1961. Studies in Chinese Archaeology, Peking, The Institution of Archaeological, Academia Sinica.
Park, Hyunhee. 2012. Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia, Cambridge University Press.
Pashazanous, Hamidreza. 2012. China in ferdowsi's Thoughts. in: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Ancient World History, June 16-18, 2012, Nankai University, Tianjin (China), pp. 94-105.
Pelliot, Paul.  1929. Des Artisans. Chinois à la Capitale abbaside en 751-762, Toung-pao, XXVI. Leiden:110-13.
Pelliot, Paul.  1959. Notes on Marco Polo, vol. I, Paris.
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 1991. Chinese-Iranian Relations i. Pre-Islamic Times, EncyclopediaIranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-i
Schafer, E. H. 1951. Iranian Merchants in T'ang Dynasty Tales, Semitic and Oriental Studies Presented to William Popper, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, vol. XI:403-422.
Schafer, E. H. 1963. The Golden Peaches of Samarkand. A Study of T’ang Exotics, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Shafiq, S. 2013. Seafarers of the Seven Seas: The Maritime Culture in the Kitab 'Aja'ib al-Hind by Buzurg Ibn Shahriyar (d. 399/1009), Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2013.
Spuler,B. 1992. Čommerce iv. Before the Mongol Conquest, EncyclopediaIranica, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/co  mmerce-iv 
Sun Li.  2004.萨珊银币在 中国的分布及其功能 [Distribution of Sassanian Silver Coins and their Functions in China], The Chinese Journal of Archaeology, Vol.1:35-54.
Takakusu, J. (1928). “Le voyage de Kanshin en Orient (742-754) par Aomi-no Mabito Genkai (779),” in: Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême Orient, vol.  28,  Paris, pp. 1-41, 441-72.
Thierry, F. 1993.  Sur les monnaies sassanides trouvées en chine, in: Circulation des monnaies, des marchandises et des biens, Res Orientales, vol. 5, ed. R. Gyselen, Bures-sur-Yvette.
Wang Gungwu. 1958. The Nanhai Trade. A Study of the Early History ofChinese Trade in the South China Sea, in: Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 31/2:1-135.
Wilkinson, T.J. 1974.  Agricultural decline in the Siraf region, Paleorient,2(1):123-132.
Wilkinson T.J.  2009. The hinterland,  In: D. Whitehouse (ed.) Siraf. History; Topography and Environmen (54-76), Oxford: The British Institute of Persian Studies Archaeological Monographs Series I. Oxbow.
Whitehouse, D. 1970a. Some Chinese and Islamic pottery from Siraf. In: W. Watson (ed.) Pottery and Metalworking in Tang China. Their chronology and external relations (4-35), London: Colloquies on Art & Archaeology in Asia 1. Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art.
Whitehouse, D.  1973a. Chinese Stoneware from Sirāf : The Earliest Finds,  South Asian Archaeology (225-241), Londres: Duckworth.
Whitehouse, D. 1968a. Excavations at Siraf. First Interim Report, Iran, 6:1-22.
Whitehouse, D.  1968b.  Excavations at Siraf. Second Interim Report, Iran, 7:39-62.
Whitehouse, D. 1971a.  Excavations at Siraf. Fourth Interim Report, Iran, 9:1-17.
Whitehouse, D.  1972. Excavations at Siraf. Fifth Interim Report, Iran, 10:63-87
Whitehouse, D.  1979. Maritime trade in the Arabian Sea: the 9th and 10th centuries A,D,  In:  M. Taddei (ed.) South Asian Archaeology, Papers from the Fourth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe (865-85), instituto Universitario Orientale: Naples.
Whitehouse, D and Williamson, A.G. 1973b. Sasanian maritime trade, Iran, 11:29-49.
Whitehouse, D.  1970b. 'Siraf: a medieval port on the Persian Gulf, World Archaeology, Urban Archaeology, Vol. 2, No. 2:141-158.
Whitehouse, D. 1971b. The houses of Siraf, Iran', Archaeology, 24(3):255-62.
Wolters, O. W. 1967. Early Indonesian Commerce, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press.
Yule, H. 1915. Cathay and the Way Thither, vol. I, London.
Yule, H. 1903. Marco Polo, London.