Hasan Zandiyeh; Bahareh Parsaara
Abstract
Among the most important and primary sources in historical studies, “Documents” have key role in reflecting political, social and cultural existence of their own time. Basically, these sources are invaluable for two groups: for ordinary people in terms of informations contained in them for ...
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Among the most important and primary sources in historical studies, “Documents” have key role in reflecting political, social and cultural existence of their own time. Basically, these sources are invaluable for two groups: for ordinary people in terms of informations contained in them for researchers in their research his. By the formation of human communities, primitivman always been in search of his identity and trying to differentiate himself from the others. As the time went by and the human communities became more populated, identification became one of the most prominent aspects of the society and various types of methods were exploited in which issuing identity documents was very decisive. Creating identity followed by the concept of identity documents was the production and the result of the second half of the first modern Pahlavi government (1931-1942). Through all kinds of identity documents, marriage contracts have a lot of values and juridical view points of from historical. In the second half of the Reza Shah, h’s government, following this project, all the authorities who were in charge of marriage offices were obliged to clarify the husband and wife identity. As a result, the historical process of continuity and evolution in marriage contracts were considered in consolidation of Iranian identity.
Abdoreza Kalmorzi; Mohammad Baqr Voosoughi Voosoughi
Abstract
Maqdisi in Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Maʻrefat Al-Aqalim offers new definitions for Mesr, Qasabe, Madine, and Qarye, and relates the life of each unit to the others, regarding their roles and functions. Illustrating their connection with each other, he resembles these geographical units to the kings, the hajeban ...
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Maqdisi in Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Maʻrefat Al-Aqalim offers new definitions for Mesr, Qasabe, Madine, and Qarye, and relates the life of each unit to the others, regarding their roles and functions. Illustrating their connection with each other, he resembles these geographical units to the kings, the hajeban (orderlies), the aswaran (heavy cavalry) and the infantrymen. By properly using these similes, he tries to picture the logical connection between these various units and the level of their relationship with the central political power. In this article, first, Maqdisi’s view on the units of Mesr, Qasabe, Madine, and Qarye is explained, then, the development and transformation of Dar al-Molk-e Bardsir (current Kerman city) during the Qara khitai era and the role of the political power in this development are described. This study shows that Bardsir's development in the Qara khitai era followed a meaningful pattern. Understanding this indigenous pattern can aid the researchers to analyze other central cities of Iran or the Islamic world.
Mohammad Bagher Vosughi; Mohammad Hossein Solemani
Abstract
One of the main changes which are happened during the Mongol administrative and bureaucratic correction is new words, Integration of administrative corrections in Mongol era because of combining Persian, Chinese and turkey experiences. Although the Bureaucratic correction on the Court of the Mongol era ...
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One of the main changes which are happened during the Mongol administrative and bureaucratic correction is new words, Integration of administrative corrections in Mongol era because of combining Persian, Chinese and turkey experiences. Although the Bureaucratic correction on the Court of the Mongol era has been researched and inquired considerably, these studies and researches are not adequate and sufficient, because there is not enough recognition of historical and literary sources of this period. The scope of research is extended to the other texts and more investigations of these unknown aspects of these changes are introduced. In this regard, this paper utilizes parts of manuscripts "Al-Morshed fi al-Hisāb", which is one of the professional literature on the scope of the Mongol period and it identifies bureaucratic correction and words related to identifying expressions of Mongol era In the first section, the manuscript "Al-Morshed fi al-Hisāb", is introduced and in the second section of this paper, Some parts of this manuscripts which refers to the bureaucratic correction reviewed and identified.
Khodakaram Mazaheri; Mohsen Zeynivand; Bahram Karimi
Abstract
An Examination of historical text and archaeological data show that Mehrjanqadhaq was one of the important states of western Iran which had been founded and formed in a region now known as Darreshsher or more exactly in Saimara valley. The history of the state goes back to Parthian era. Archaeological ...
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An Examination of historical text and archaeological data show that Mehrjanqadhaq was one of the important states of western Iran which had been founded and formed in a region now known as Darreshsher or more exactly in Saimara valley. The history of the state goes back to Parthian era. Archaeological data in confirmation of historical texts both indicate settlement sequence form Parthian era to fourth century A.H. in Saimara valley and show that this region flourished especially at third and fourth century A.H. Ceramic samples, which discovered in the course of archaeological excavations, chronologically, do not go forward then fourth century A.H. Therefore, we can say that Merhrjanqadhaq was deserted at fourth century A.H, which is also confirmed with historical records, which point to earthquake and flood occurrence as well as cholera epidemy at this century. On the other hand, the same historical and archaeological data and the situations and extent of ancient Darreshahr suggest that this site is the same as Saimara city, center of Mehrjanqadhaq state.
Hassan Karimian; Husseyn Sedighiyan
Abstract
Khānsār was one of the principal cities of Isfahan district in Qajar era. The city is mentioned repeatedly in historical texts and visited frequently by European travelers Khānsār was celebrated in Qajar era for presence of significant cultural and artistic figures in the city as well as production ...
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Khānsār was one of the principal cities of Isfahan district in Qajar era. The city is mentioned repeatedly in historical texts and visited frequently by European travelers Khānsār was celebrated in Qajar era for presence of significant cultural and artistic figures in the city as well as production of various commercial products. The remnants of commercial monuments such as Qajar bazar or Kārvansarā are few and we merely can trace them in the historical sources or the minds of residents. Yet studying the causes of development and decline of the city may help in taking decisions for renovation of its prosperity. Since any independent studies have not been done on this issue, this paper is presenting the results of field and documentary studies of the authors on social and economic circumstances of Khānsār during the Qajar era.
Noor al-Din Nemati; Mazhar Adwai
Abstract
Afghanistan is a land-locked country that depends on its neighboring countries to transit essential commodities. Iran, for its proximity and access to the high seas, seems to have the most economical route to meet Afghanistan’s needs. However, this country did not pursue such an economical route ...
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Afghanistan is a land-locked country that depends on its neighboring countries to transit essential commodities. Iran, for its proximity and access to the high seas, seems to have the most economical route to meet Afghanistan’s needs. However, this country did not pursue such an economical route due to its western tendencies and its foreign policies which were completely different with Iran’s. The international relations of the countries in the region were extremely affected by the Cold War during the 2nd Pahlavi era from 1941 up to 1978. After World War II and the emergence of Pashtoonistan subject, and due to remoteness of Russian routes and their high costs, Iranian routes were the best for Afghani goods to be transited. This research, depending on documents relating to this time, is going to clarify how the improvement of transit routes of two countries led to the development of their economic relations and coming to bilateral treaties in this field.
vahid idgah torqabei
Abstract
Among Sanayi’s works, Haghighat al haghigha is of significant importance and has been traditionally noticed and admired by many poets and scholars. In this long verse, there are a lot of social- cultural- religious information expressed in an artistic language with an extended vocabulary of which ...
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Among Sanayi’s works, Haghighat al haghigha is of significant importance and has been traditionally noticed and admired by many poets and scholars. In this long verse, there are a lot of social- cultural- religious information expressed in an artistic language with an extended vocabulary of which its true understanding is not so simple to everybody. Some difficulties, however, does not lie in the complexities of the work itself, rather in the text corruptions occurred by the scribers and editors faults and misreading. This article is dealt with some of those faults and is an attempt to correct them.
Somayeh-sadat Tabtabei; Alireza Hosseini
Abstract
Abū-Helāl ʻAskari, is a scholar with Iranian root, who was born in the fourth century A.H. in Xūzestān. He, like many other Iranian authors of his age, chose to write his works in Arabic. Al-avāʼel is the title of his historic - literary book on ethnic groups, and its ninth chapter is dedicated ...
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Abū-Helāl ʻAskari, is a scholar with Iranian root, who was born in the fourth century A.H. in Xūzestān. He, like many other Iranian authors of his age, chose to write his works in Arabic. Al-avāʼel is the title of his historic - literary book on ethnic groups, and its ninth chapter is dedicated to the "ʻajam", with outstanding reports on pre-Islamic -specifically the Sassanid- era. His Iranian origin and acquaintance with the Persian language, led to valuable considerations on the meaning and origin of some words such as Mehmān and Mehregān. Al-avāʼel, including valuable unique accounts on Iran, outranks other literary and historical works in Persian or Arabic. According to the studies, researchers' unfamiliarity with Al-avāʼel has resulted in its oblivion; therefore, in this paper firstly Abu-helāl is introduced, then those accounts of the book which are related to Iran are translated, studied, and explained.
Goshtasb Farzaneh
Abstract
We recognize Sāsān V with the help of some lexicons and books. We know that he had translated and interpreted Dasātīr, the book which is God revelation to Mahābād, from a “Heaven Language” which was un-understandable for everyone into Persian. The only evidence, by which we can recognize ...
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We recognize Sāsān V with the help of some lexicons and books. We know that he had translated and interpreted Dasātīr, the book which is God revelation to Mahābād, from a “Heaven Language” which was un-understandable for everyone into Persian. The only evidence, by which we can recognize this Sāsān in the history are Shahname and some historical books. As much as we know, in the books before 10th century AH there is no evidence of Dasātīr and Mahābād and Sāsān V. After revealing the name of Sāsān V in Dasātīr and the other books of Azarkayvani’s school, we confront Sāsān V as the translator of Dasātīr in the lexicons and the other books which was written in India. For example, a view of him is described in the “Sasan-e-Panjum”, by Naiyer Masud, the Indian author and researcher. In this article, Sāsān V as the translator and interpreter of Dasātīr is represented at first, and then his background in the literature and historical books before the 10th century AH is searched and the reflection of this personality in the late 4 centuries is studied.
Yaghuob Mohamadifar; Yadolah Heydari; Maryam_ Dowlati
Abstract
Seals can help to identify the unknown aspects a culture. Parthian seals and bullaes not only have played an important role in business in the community, but also they are important to identify the art and culture of this period. Except a few reports about Parthian site and a few works that can be found ...
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Seals can help to identify the unknown aspects a culture. Parthian seals and bullaes not only have played an important role in business in the community, but also they are important to identify the art and culture of this period. Except a few reports about Parthian site and a few works that can be found in collections and museums little has been written with regard to the seals of this period. Therefore, the aim of the present study is the introduction of Parthian seals and Bullae, the designs carved on them and understanding their functional role. The results show that make a distinction between the bullaes and seals of Seleucid and those of Parthian periods is often difficult. Parthian seals are inspired by the traditions of Achaemenid, Greece, Central Asia animals and the local styles. Common motifs of the seals are human bust, winged mythical creatures, full-length human, horseman and deer.
Ahmad Goli; Behrooz Imani
Abstract
One of the rich families of Azerbaijan during Mongol and Ilkhanid period was “Jamā‘at-e Malekān” of Tabriz. The persons of this family had rulership in Tabriz and its districts and were nobles and respected persons for the Mongol khans including Holagu (rule: 651-663). Some personalities ...
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One of the rich families of Azerbaijan during Mongol and Ilkhanid period was “Jamā‘at-e Malekān” of Tabriz. The persons of this family had rulership in Tabriz and its districts and were nobles and respected persons for the Mongol khans including Holagu (rule: 651-663). Some personalities of this family, like Malek Mahmūd, Amīr Majd al-Dīn Muhammad and Abu al-Majd Tabrizi, were poets and scholars and their poems and works are now available. Brief and scattered information about this family can be found in literary and historical sources and by joining them together some knowledge about the persons of this family may be obtained.
Iraj enayatizadeh; Jaleh Amouzegar
Abstract
The Zoroastrians has the burial custom of offering their dead to the dakhme. The early dakhmes were extremely simple buildings on the wall of the mountains. In the Islamic era, the handmade dakhmes of clay and stone were called borj (tower). In India, the immigrant Zoroastrians, called Parsis, preserved ...
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The Zoroastrians has the burial custom of offering their dead to the dakhme. The early dakhmes were extremely simple buildings on the wall of the mountains. In the Islamic era, the handmade dakhmes of clay and stone were called borj (tower). In India, the immigrant Zoroastrians, called Parsis, preserved their burial custom. Over time, the Parsis made newer dakhmes in accordance with the humidity of India. The custom of burial in dakhme is called Tana among Parsis. The ceremony included principles such as laying the foundation of dakhme, sanctifying it, and driving 301 nails into the ground and rolling a cotton rope around them. The description of these ceremonies is recorded in texts such as Revayat-e Farsi and Wijarkard-e dini. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, the dakhme ritual has been abolished in Iran as a result of the religious intellectual movement. In India it became a challenge between the radical and reformist religious Parsis. In this research, various types of Zoroastrian dakhmes are studied. Also, the evolution of dakhme building is evaluated, regarding its ritual and religious aspects, and the position of Zoroastrian dakhmes in the present time is regarded as well.
Ayda Shahanians; Mohammad Ziar
Abstract
Commitment means taking responsibility, and the author is responsible for expressing the truth. Moreover, the responsible writer and philosopher is not a dreamer. He should not consider himself as an omniscient; for instance, he should not show hostility to religions or a specific religion. In the history ...
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Commitment means taking responsibility, and the author is responsible for expressing the truth. Moreover, the responsible writer and philosopher is not a dreamer. He should not consider himself as an omniscient; for instance, he should not show hostility to religions or a specific religion. In the history of French literature, Montesquieu is a prominent author and philosopher of the eighteenth century, but there exist distortions in his works that do not reflect the truth. Such distortions are both in his travel literature, Lettres Persanes (Persian Letters) which includes his anecdotal ideas and subjectivism in history, and in De l'esprit des lois (The Spirit of the Laws), in which his historicism is obvious. In Mélanges inédits de Montesquieu, which comprises a mixture of Montesquieu’s unpublished pieces of writing, it is mentioned that The Spirit of the Laws includes his developed thoughts on the incomprehensible complexities in Persian Letters. Therefore, these two books are inseparable, according to their contents. Although some have considered Montesquieu as a committed author, commitment in his writings is questionable. In this paper, his works are examined regarding the subject matter of commitment to record the truth, and the result is that they are fallacious from this point of view.
Tooran Toolabi
Abstract
Following the Constitutional revolution of Iran Persian journalism entered a flourishing period. This paper aims to survey a less-studied Persian newspaper, namely Sorûsh, within a historical framework. Sorûsh was published during a critical period of Iran’s history and we might consider ...
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Following the Constitutional revolution of Iran Persian journalism entered a flourishing period. This paper aims to survey a less-studied Persian newspaper, namely Sorûsh, within a historical framework. Sorûsh was published during a critical period of Iran’s history and we might consider it as a useful source for current ideas of this time. This study which is based mainly on the analytical survey of the articles of Sorûsh, shows that its writers enjoy a distinguished position among the contemporary Iranian thinkers. It seems that Sorûsh ushered in a discursive change in the political culture of this period which was appeared more clearly in a later time trough some modernist periodicals such as Kaveh, Ayandeh and Iranshahr.
sohrab saedi; Ali Mohammad Poshtdar; Hossein Ghasempoor Moghadam
Abstract
The “clamour of Chavosh” in Hormozgan is a spiritual and mystical tune that Chavosh Khan (“khan” means “reader” in Persian) uses to invite people to religious meetings and gatherings including reading the Rawda or pilgrimages. To perform it, Chavosh Khan usually stands ...
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The “clamour of Chavosh” in Hormozgan is a spiritual and mystical tune that Chavosh Khan (“khan” means “reader” in Persian) uses to invite people to religious meetings and gatherings including reading the Rawda or pilgrimages. To perform it, Chavosh Khan usually stands on a height and, while his hands are at his face, he sings tunes praising Imams. In the past, the “clamour” informed people to perform preaching and sermons and was a form of delivering news as well. Considering the type of the trip a pilgrim intended to go on, he would sing poems and people would go to his house to ask for forgiveness. Now Chavosh Khani (“khani” means “reading.”) is a religious ritual in Hormozgan province. Considering the remained manuscripts of Molla Monsef and Hossein Ali Ghazaei Olyayi, it dates back to three hundred years ago and nowadays it is very common among the people. Adopting content analysis method, the present study aims at introducing the ritual of Chavosh Khani in Hormozgan through library research and field study.
Hassan Karimian; Hossein Sabri; Moharram Bastani
Abstract
There are few Iranian early Islamic cities like Dinevar that attract the attention of classic historians and geographers. Its remains are in a vast and prolific plain northwest of Sahneh, Kermanshah province, and since it was located on the Mesopotamian routs it has gotten a unique status. Based on the ...
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There are few Iranian early Islamic cities like Dinevar that attract the attention of classic historians and geographers. Its remains are in a vast and prolific plain northwest of Sahneh, Kermanshah province, and since it was located on the Mesopotamian routs it has gotten a unique status. Based on the authors’ filed surveys, the Dinevar most ancient evidences are related to Seleucids (224-651.A.D) .Confirming the historical information, archaeological data demonstrate a sustaining existence through Sasanids (224-651 A.D), early Islamic centuries to the end of Timurids era (771-911 A.H) in Dinevar. Dinevar’s unique geographical status and its environmental capacities helped it to overcome the natural disasters, and war effects, however,it played significant role in emergence of local dynasties (e.g, Hasanüyeh). In this study, there is an attempt to identify why a flourished city, with such geographical and historical context,was abandoned immediately.A systematic survey has been done across Dinevar site to achieve the research aim.Dinevar seems being completely abandoned when Kermanshah was designated as the political center of Iranian western regions by early Safavids era. Consequently, it can be accepted that shifting in the centers of political powers can be considered as a reason of their abandonment and collapse.
Azadeh Sharifi; Alireza Hajian Nejad
Abstract
Philology means the study of culture through language and attention to the linguistic nature of culture. Philology has been a major part of European Orientalism since the 18th century. Attention to Eastern languages began with biblical studies, with the advent of philology gradually separating its path ...
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Philology means the study of culture through language and attention to the linguistic nature of culture. Philology has been a major part of European Orientalism since the 18th century. Attention to Eastern languages began with biblical studies, with the advent of philology gradually separating its path from theology and becoming a way of understanding Eastern languages and texts. The need to learn Arabic, Persian and other Eastern languages led to the establishment of schools in Europe. It started in France but continued in Germany. In this article, after a brief overview of Orientalism and expressing the turning points of Iranian studies in Germany, the academic tradition of philology is explained in detail. Then, the importance of the philological method in the two traditions of German Orientalism (romantic and philological) is illustrated. The Romantic tradition relies more on the translation of Oriental texts and uses philology as a means of improving the quality of translation. The philological tradition seeks the historical reconstruction of text and language, and follows a neat trajectory. The importance of the philological method is attention to the text and its context. Classical philology, with its teaching of Oriental languages and manuscripts, has provided rich sources, from dictionaries to catalogs and corrected texts. In this tradition, the analysis of the Quran and the reconstruction of its context play a pivotal role. The importance of the philological tradition in the study of the sacred text is the abandonment of the concept of sanctity, which makes it possible to research the context and details of the text. This article deals with the genealogy of German philologists and the classification of their services at the levels of translation, cataloging, and proofreading of Persian and Arabic texts, and shows its evolution from the first generation to the golden age in the twentieth century. The focus of the article is on correcting mystical and Islamic texts and the projects of German-speaking orientalists in this field.
Ali Asghar babasalar; MOUSA Hosseini Aghdam
Abstract
Mohammad Taqi Djonoun Ardabil, known as Djonoun is a poet of second half of the 11th century and the first half of 12th aentury.As its represented inhid poem, he spent most of his life far away from his homeland. Forthermore his name hasn’t been recorded in any Tazkirahs or literary ...
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Mohammad Taqi Djonoun Ardabil, known as Djonoun is a poet of second half of the 11th century and the first half of 12th aentury.As its represented inhid poem, he spent most of his life far away from his homeland. Forthermore his name hasn’t been recorded in any Tazkirahs or literary history books. “Al-Dharīʿa ilā Taṣānīf al-Shīʿa” (List of Shia Books) by Agha Bozorg Tehrani is the oldest reference with a little information about him and all other resources have referred their claims to this book. His 86-page manuscript divan in Persian language is the only reliable source about Djonouni, which can provide information about his life by searching through his poems. The only available hand-written manuscript of his Divan is kept in the Parliament Library, which isn’t even complete and some of its pages are missing. Because of all the reasons above, further investigation is needed on his personal and literary life. Pursuing both the Khorasani and Iraqi style, Djonouni has viewed romantic epigrams with his critical and his own specific literature in poetry. He, as in Indian style, is closer to Saeb Tabrizi. Djonouni’s poems are categorized in 8 forms: Qaṣīda, Ghazal, Quatrain, Tarjīʿ-band, Mukhammas, Part, single verses and "Jangnameh mas̄navī " in Azeri language. The main content of his verses is often about the praise of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), Shia imams and the noble men of Safavid era. Another manuscript attributed to Djonouni dated 1100 A.H. is available in the "Malik" National Library and Museum, which was edited by "Iraj Afshar" and apart from his name,pen name and the date of its writing, there is just little information about the poet. Apparently, in addition to poetry, Djonouni is also involved in calligraphy and in that described manuscript, he wrote the works of a number of poets and writers before and after him with his individual composition in Nastaliq script and signed them with his name "Muhammad Taghi Djonouni". He has also added some verse paragraphs of his Mukhammases. In this article, an attempt has been made to obtain information about the poet's biography along with analyzing Djonouni’s poems, and also to correct his two unique Mukhammases.
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Reza Ordou; Roozbeh Zarrinkoob
Abstract
The nature of the broader geopolitical relationship between the Arsacids with Sarmatians and the Dacian kingdom, in the north and northwestern region of the Black Sea area, in the late first and early second century CE, is a subject that has been mentioned in very few sources regarding the history of ...
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The nature of the broader geopolitical relationship between the Arsacids with Sarmatians and the Dacian kingdom, in the north and northwestern region of the Black Sea area, in the late first and early second century CE, is a subject that has been mentioned in very few sources regarding the history of the Arsacids. After prolonged conflicts between the Arsacid and Roman empires, the Arsacids eventually could practically rule Armenia in the second half of the first century CE. In the first century CE, Sarmatians made a decisive appearance in the kingdoms north of the Black Sea. At the same time, in the late first century CE, the Dacian kingdom became an influential power in the northwest Black Sea region, troubling the Roman empire on its borders. In the Roman-Dacian wars, the Sarmatians were in alliance with the Dacians. On the other hand, the Dacian king probably was in a friendly relationship with the Arsacids. It appears that these three powers -Arsacids, Sarmatians, and Dacians- were interconnected in their progress toward the west. This research aims to answer the following question: How could the Arsacid Empire manage to establish friendly relations with the peoples of the Caspian-Pontic steppes and Dacian kingdom beyond the Black Sea? In an attempt to answer this question, the demographic composition of the northern half of the Black Sea, along with the regional power structures present, will be considered. The historical context between the Arsacids, Sarmatians, and the Dacians, along with their mutual allies in the first and early second century CE, will be considered. To Conclude, controlling Armenia by the Arsacids from mid-first century CE, for almost five decades, and also a significant influx of the Sarmatians, who had kinship and commercial communication with the Arsacids, into the states of the northern half of the Black Sea, simultaneously in this period, caused the formation of an alliance between the Arsacids and Dacians via Sarmatians.
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hossein hassanrezaei
Abstract
"love" is one of the most frequent words, in Iran and world literature. Because most people, experience love, One of the most common themes in art and literature is love. Persian literature, from the beginning until today, has expressed the love in forms such as Couplet-poem, Ghazel, story. Persian literature ...
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"love" is one of the most frequent words, in Iran and world literature. Because most people, experience love, One of the most common themes in art and literature is love. Persian literature, from the beginning until today, has expressed the love in forms such as Couplet-poem, Ghazel, story. Persian literature before the form of "lyric" has used "Tashbib" of ode’s to express the emotion of love. Although the poets of odes have written about various topics such as description of nature, youth, wind, etc., but "love" is one of the most important themes of odes, especially in Farrokhi Sistani's odes. Among Khorasani style poets, Farrokhi Sistani has more romantic Tashbib poems And more than other poets of this era, is known as tashbib poetry. Considering these factors, the present article try to examines different aspects of love in Farokhi's tashbib poems. First, The relationship between love and literatur, Farrokhi's position in Persian lyrical poetry, the effect of relationship with the court on praised’s preference for the beloved expressed. Then, the "Turkic race" of the beloved and his dual duty, military and charming, is examined. Pederasty and pedophilia and its causes are the subject of the next study. In the following, the reduction of love to mere sexual desire and sometimes even its tendency towards sexual deviations such as sexual addiction in Farrokhi's tashbib poems has been studied. The article ends with mentioning other important features of love in this period, such as realism, rationalistic view to love, simplicity of language and thought. The present article, which is written by descriptive-analytical method, In the end, concludes that Farrokhi, in his tashbib poems, expresses physically, happily, pederasty and hedonistically love, under the influence of personal and political-socio factors, such as hedonistic nature, luxury and prosperity, the abundance of Turkish beauties and the "tradition" of pedophilia in that period.
Hassan Zandieh; Mahmoud Esmaeli; Salman Ghasemian
Volume 1, Issue 1 , December 2011, , Pages 95-118
Abstract
Three Islands question is an important subject-matter in modern history of the Persian Gulf. A survey on rising of this question is very important due to its role in the establishment of a principle relationship between the regional countries. The British officials emphasized Iranian sovereignty over ...
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Three Islands question is an important subject-matter in modern history of the Persian Gulf. A survey on rising of this question is very important due to its role in the establishment of a principle relationship between the regional countries. The British officials emphasized Iranian sovereignty over the Islands until late nineteenth century, but the intensifying of the political and economical rivalry between the European great powers, and the threat to the British interest in the late decade of the nineteenth century changed the British approach in the region while Britain was the protector of the sheikdoms. The occupation of the three islands at the entrance of the Persian Gulf at the beginning of 1903 was an important action of Britain in confrontation with others rivals. In 1971 the question ended by an agreement between Iran and English government, but by establishment of Islamic republic of Iran the question raised again. Hens for the historical recourses focused on difference and caused dimity and desperation of coastal countries. One of the most resources in this subject "The UAE three Occupied Islands" focused on Island dispute to discuss the historical and legal Arab sovereignty over Iranian three Islands and dimmed to propagate Iran Threat to Arabs. White analyzing the events occurred between 1895 and 1903 and occupation of Islands by English navy in 1903, we might understand about Identity of question and importance of Tomb & Abu Musa Islands in British policy in Persian Gulf.
Fateme Mehri
Abstract
Although the rhino has never been a native animal of Iran, Iranians have long been familiar with it due to their proximity to India and their connections to China and North Africa, which were the main habitats of the animal. Signs of this familiarity can be found in various texts, including geographical ...
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Although the rhino has never been a native animal of Iran, Iranians have long been familiar with it due to their proximity to India and their connections to China and North Africa, which were the main habitats of the animal. Signs of this familiarity can be found in various texts, including geographical and zoological texts as well as Persian poetry. However, due to the small number of rhinos, the distance of its habitats and the few direct observations of the animal, we are faced with different narratives about rhinos in different sources. This diversity sometimes causes the figure of the animal to be drawn as if we are dealing with a creature other than a rhino. Variety in denominations has also been associated with and reinforced this multiplicity. In this article, we try to examine the depiction of this animal through ancient scientific and Persianate literature. One of our main findings is that, as evidenced by several texts and images, some Iranians in some eras considered rhinos to be huge birds. We have tried to demonstrate the process of formation this belief according to the biological characteristics attributed to the rhino to show which ideas played a role in the emergence of this belief. For this purpose, in addition to Persian sources, we have also used texts written in Arabic but in the field of Iranian culture. We have also pointed out that some of the literary depictions of rhino in ancient Persian poetry, such as its fight with elephant, are not made by the creators’ imaginations, but are taken from animal-related sources in ancient cultures, and by searching these sources, one can retrieve the background of such depictions and show their antiquity. It can also be shown to what extent ancient zoological ideas have been the result of a combination of texts with different origins and scientific and cultural exchanges among previous civilizations
Leila Varahram
Abstract
The last chapter in the saga of Rustam and his family, the fall of the house of sistanian heroes, and ravage of this territory by Bahman, Son of Isfandiar, is an episode, which relates the mythic and heroic parts of Iranian national saga to its historical part. This article has addressed the issue of ...
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The last chapter in the saga of Rustam and his family, the fall of the house of sistanian heroes, and ravage of this territory by Bahman, Son of Isfandiar, is an episode, which relates the mythic and heroic parts of Iranian national saga to its historical part. This article has addressed the issue of origin, date and place of versification of Bahmannameh, one of its variations which is the longest and most extensive one. The internal evidences of this epic poem demonstrates that it belongs to the people of northern Iran, the Deylamis. Moreover, through comparison of poet’s verses about his patron, Mohammad ibn i Malekshah, with the history of reign of this king it concludes that this book has been versified in 495 in city of Hamedan, where the poet eventually heard or read the mentioned version of the story.
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yahya bouzarinejad; Mohammad Hossein Jamalzadeh; Saeid Arianpour
Abstract
One of the scholars who studied Safavid pathology during the Safavid dynasty, while holding the highest religious position in the government, is Mullah Mohammad Baqir Sabzevari, well-known as Mohaqeq Sabzevari. In his book Rozatol-Alnwar Al-abbasi, written at the request of Shah Abbas II, in addition ...
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One of the scholars who studied Safavid pathology during the Safavid dynasty, while holding the highest religious position in the government, is Mullah Mohammad Baqir Sabzevari, well-known as Mohaqeq Sabzevari. In his book Rozatol-Alnwar Al-abbasi, written at the request of Shah Abbas II, in addition to providing guidelines for ruling the government and principles for statecraft, he tried to describe the harms that the Safavids suffered. This study seeks to answer this question: from the perspective of Sabzevari in the book Rozatol-Alnwar Al-abbasi, what social harms did Safavid suffer from? Therefore, using a descriptive-analytical method and collecting datasets by library searching, the following findings have been reached: Sabzevari's religious pathology of Safaviya, according to the type of damage mentioned by him, is classified in five fields: pathology of religion, religious knowledge, religious society, religiosity and religious institutions. Sabzevari has been working as a social reformer to improve the livelihood and resurrection of the people, the reformist idea in Rozatol-Alnwar Al-abbasi is based on the practical wisdom of Islam and It shows a justice-oriented and compassionate approach to the general public. Rozatol-Alnwar Al-abbasi should also be mentioned as a text in order to formulate and realize the model of faithful politics, which, based on Islamic beliefs, judgments and ethics, offers a method of ordering good and forbiding bad, at a time when social reform is possible only through accompanying kings. In this book, he has stated his meaning in many cases with ironic expression, and in some cases, he has directly described the harms Sabzevari considers three factors to be involved in order to fix the mentioned damages and preserve and survive the government, which arise from the specific foundations of his political thought: 1- Inner factor: improving the ruler's inner (spiritual) relationship with God 2- External factor: improving the relationship of the ruler with the people and Statesmen in observing the principles of statecraft 3- External and internal factors: justice and peace with the people and fight against oppression and oppressors.
Ali Reza Hejebri Nobari; Mahsa Veisi; Mehdi Mousavi; Javad Neyestani
Abstract
Achaemenid ruled over a vast territory, to which included Asia Minor (modern Turkey), that was conquered during Cyrus the great campaign to Lydia. Following this its cities was added to Persian satrapies. The name of all the Persian satrapies was not mentioned in Achaemenid official texts, because Achaemenid ...
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Achaemenid ruled over a vast territory, to which included Asia Minor (modern Turkey), that was conquered during Cyrus the great campaign to Lydia. Following this its cities was added to Persian satrapies. The name of all the Persian satrapies was not mentioned in Achaemenid official texts, because Achaemenid political style was in this way that the conquered areas came under the central power control while having their own selves government; Lycia is one of those their name are not mentioned in none of official texts, but Greek historian called it Persian satrapy. This research aim to answer the question that which kind of ancient artifacts have been remained to prove, Lycia was indeed one of Persian satrapies.The majority of archaeological material cultures from Xanthos – capital of Lycia- are reliefs similar to Persepolises which could prove their presence in the region.
