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azar ardianian; foad pouraryan; mirhadi hoseeini; hossein moftakhari
Abstract
The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant ...
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The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant factor for strengthening the body of military authority of the Pahlavi government, which has great impacts on the political, social and historical transformation of Iran specially in that period of restless caused by the initiation of the second world wars. since the international issues were changing rapidly and Iran, in a special geographical position, was attracting the attention of powerful governments in order to protect their interests in the Middle East. In terms of this point of view, paying attention to this crucial element was very important in the continuation of the political rule of the first Pahlavi government so neglecting this matter, was not possible.
Based on library sources, descriptive-analytical and cliometric method, the current research is seeking to answer these questions: what were the effects of telegraph network development during the Pahlavi regime? And the budget allocated to this ministry was in line with the development of military power or not? The findings indicate that Reza Shah's efforts to modernize Iran led to the development of the telegraph network as a very practical facility, which was not only as a result of expanding the lines caused by international political conditions, but also a factor for Iran's reformation and revolution in the middle of that time. This network was considered as one of the main components of the expansion of military rule in the country, however, its budget did not grow significantly during Reza Shah's sovereignty. But the budget of the ministry did not grow significantly. The significance of the present research is that it can provide valuable information based on the published statistics related to the dedicated budget to this ministry in the first Pahlavi era and clarify the ambiguous political and social aspects of the society.
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sima rahmanifar; hossein ghasemi
Abstract
Examining ancient fiction texts as a source for reflecting the political, social and cultural conditions of the past ages can, in addition to being a confirmation of other historiography sources, also reveal the thoughts of their creators, as the people of the pen and knowledge of those times. The tale ...
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Examining ancient fiction texts as a source for reflecting the political, social and cultural conditions of the past ages can, in addition to being a confirmation of other historiography sources, also reveal the thoughts of their creators, as the people of the pen and knowledge of those times. The tale of the mouse and the cat by Sheikh Bahae is one of these fictional texts that includes elements, components, and thoughts that can be directly related to the social and cultural conditions of the time of its creation, that is, the period The reign of Shah-Abbas I, and especially the opinions of its founder, Sheikh Baha'i, were examined. Based on this, the main questions of the upcoming research are what conclusions can be reached from the historical analysis of the above-mentioned story about the place of Sufism in this period, especially in contrast with Sharia, and how the literary text can be used to reflect a specific ideology and discourse. In a period, slow down? Also, what was Sheikh Baha'i's approach regarding the two intellectual spectrums of Sharia and Sufism with regard to his political-religious position? It seems that according to the situation in Iran during the Safavid era and especially during the reign of Shah Abbas I, it is possible to find the definite dominance of the jurisprudence system (symbolized by the cat in the story) over the elements of Sufism (symbolized by the mouse in the story) in this story. He proved the claim with the conversations and evidence provided by the mouse and the cat and also the end of the story. In fact, the early period of Safavid rule can be considered as the dominance of the Sufi system, the period of its continuation, the weakening of this system and the period of its fall with the definitive and final victory of the jurisprudence system and the expulsion of Sufis and Sufis from the sphere of power.
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Javad Rashki Aliabad; jamshid noroozi
Abstract
POSITION AND IMPORTANCE OF VERSIFIED HISTORIES OF SAFAVID DYNASTY AND DESCRIPTION OF THEIR HISTORIOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
Position and lmportance of Versified Histories of Safavid dynasty and Description of Their historiographical Features
Abstract
The Mongols age was followed by the flourishment of ...
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POSITION AND IMPORTANCE OF VERSIFIED HISTORIES OF SAFAVID DYNASTY AND DESCRIPTION OF THEIR HISTORIOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
Position and lmportance of Versified Histories of Safavid dynasty and Description of Their historiographical Features
Abstract
The Mongols age was followed by the flourishment of the versified histories like Shahnameh and Eskandarnameh. In this regard, during the Safavid dynasty, a considerable number of historical texts were created in this literary genre. The Historical Shahnameh (history of kings through poetry) created during the Safavid era inherited many of the characteristics of this genre from the historical texts of the previous ages. Nonetheless, due to the specific features of the Safavid dynasty, these literary works had some distinct features and differences compared to the works of the earlier ages. The present paper is done the descriptive-analytical method based on library sourced and investigates the versified histories about the Safavid dynasty, which have been versified in this period. In fact, the purpose of this paper is to introduce the versified histories of this era and show what characteristics and importance their historical content has in historiography of the Safavid era. A total of 9 versified histories in the Safavid era have been investigated which mainly describe historical actions and wars in terms of content. Based on the motivation of the poets of this texts for highlight and eternalize the name of the kings and historical events about them, It can be said that although this texts have historical information but this were created based on the attract please the rulers. However, versified histories of this period are of particular importance by having some first-hand historical data about some events and topics of the Safavid era, helping to confirm or correct the information of prose historical sources and filing some information gaps.
Keywords: Versified Historiography, Safavid Dynasty, Shahnameh, Eskandarnameh
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kurosh salehi
Abstract
The effect of expanding the scope of central security on Iran's economic situation during the period of Shah Abbas I
Abstract
The effect of expanding the scope of central security during the period of Shah Abbas I had a valuable role on the order and order of affairs and commercial prosperity. ...
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The effect of expanding the scope of central security on Iran's economic situation during the period of Shah Abbas I
Abstract
The effect of expanding the scope of central security during the period of Shah Abbas I had a valuable role on the order and order of affairs and commercial prosperity. Considering the significant increase in the power of the local tribal centers and the relative passivity of the central government towards these centers in previous periods; The general development of the country's security and the important issue of economic prosperity in this domain; It was considered the most important factor in changing the general situation. With the accession of Shah Abbas I, this cycle underwent a general change, and the change in the formation of ethnic groups, ways and internal security equations and its supervision was the main part of these changes. This research, organized by historical method, revolves around the question, what was Shah Abbas I's goal of expanding the scope of central security? Based; The purpose of choosing the new capital, migration and arrangement of ethnic groups in the capital and the roads leading to it, paying attention to the roads, building numerous caravanserais, eliminating the sources of insecurity and strengthening the central security of the government; It was one of the most important measures of Shah Abbas I towards economic prosperity of the country. The result of the research shows that these measures of the security sector caused the formation of a new atmosphere in the field of general security and the important principle of the movement of commercial caravans and the expansion of the scope of citizenship laws in a way that in a relatively short period of time, the general atmosphere of the country towards balance and the speed of economic prosperity progress has been made.
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Somayeh Mashayekh; Zohreh Zarshenas
Abstract
Sogdian manuscripts are sorted on different subjects, Sogdian Tales could be distinguished as a genre among them. Henning was the pioneer researcher who traced the Footsteps of Panchatantra stories back in Sogdian Tales. Brief narrations from the main story are one of their characteristics. Fragment ...
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Sogdian manuscripts are sorted on different subjects, Sogdian Tales could be distinguished as a genre among them. Henning was the pioneer researcher who traced the Footsteps of Panchatantra stories back in Sogdian Tales. Brief narrations from the main story are one of their characteristics. Fragment SI 5704,(a document originally based on Nikolai Nikolaevich Krotkov collection which has been later denoted to the Academy of Science) has been detected as a Sogdian short narration of the 13th story of the first Book of Panchatantra is “The story of a tortoise fallen from the wood”. In the Sanskrit text Viṣṇuśarman, an octogenarian Brahmin who is known as the original Autor of the Book, cites a wise quotation from a person called “Manu”, which is not cited in the Sogdiann Tale. According to Hindu Myths, there are many terms refering to,”Manu”: He is the archetypal man in Indo-Germanic languages its meaning sways between “man” and “Human” .There are also 14 mythical rulers of the World named Manu which will rule over the World a Manvantara. The seventh Manu corresponds to the Biblical and Quranic figure Noah. Each Manu rules a Manvantara which is 306,720,000 years. At our age the seventh Manu is the mythical ruler of the World. In Monier Williams Dictionary, the meaning of Manu is addressed as “The man par excellence” this very same definition is used by Ibn Arabi to describe the “Khalif” or the Term الانسان الکامل is the reason of the creation. This paper addresses the meaning to identify the identification of “Manu” with Ibn-Arabi`s “الانسان الکامل” according to the Perennial Philosophy which is usually taken to indicate that some sort of continuous Theme runs throughout the history of philosophy, that certain enduring and lasting truths are recognizable in the philosophical writings of all historical periods by Tracing MANU`s real Identity. 2- Tracing Manu`s etymology in Indo-Germanic Languages. 3- Proof his identity back in Sanskrit sacred soursec.4- Searching an Alter Ego for him. 5- finding his relation to Al-īnsān Al-kāmel reagarding to him as first Man and Adam the first Man, as a Khalīf in Ibn Arabis thoughts.
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Yosofali Beiranvand; Mina Khosravi
Abstract
The epic and mythological narratives of the Indo-Iranian peoples have been influenced by each other due to their common origins and long-standing cultural relations. The narrations of Rustam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Ram in Ramayana have many similarities. It can be said that these two characters ...
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The epic and mythological narratives of the Indo-Iranian peoples have been influenced by each other due to their common origins and long-standing cultural relations. The narrations of Rustam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Ram in Ramayana have many similarities. It can be said that these two characters are born of the long-term cultural relationship between Iran and India. Which of these two books was influenced by the other is hidden from us. We only know that the two characters of Rostam for Iranians and Ram for Indians have a special sanctity and show the magnificence of the epic hero in the mind. This research seeks to investigate the similar and different features of Rostam and Ram's stories with a comparative-analytical method. The similarities and differences between Rostam and Ram in summary are: 1- Birth prediction: Rostam's birth prediction by stars and Simorgh; But the birth of Ram was prophesied by Brahman. 2- Appearance beauty: Ram to have appearance beauty; But Rostam is described as tall and stout. 3- Loyalty to the king: Rostam occasionally shows his displeasure to the king; But Ram adheres to the king's covenant and... . The similar friends and enemies of Rostam and Ram are: 1- Afrasiab and Ravana are similar in that they seek power and have inherent evil. Except that Ravana is a demon. 2- White Devil and Raven are similar because they take hostages and the heroes have to fight with them to free the hostages. 3- Keikavus and Sita deceive the demon. 4- Zavareh and Lakashman are brothers and supporters of the hero. The difference between them is that Lakashman is with Ram in most of the events. 5- Tahmineh and Sita are the hero's wives who separated from the hero and gave birth away from him. The difference is that Sita did not hide the father's name from the her children.
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hamid asadpour; Farajolah Ahmadi; hossein Eskandari
Abstract
Abstract
Migrations have had political, social, economic, and cultural effects, either intentionally or unintentionally. As the effectiveness of the migration phenomenon, especially in the cultural aspect, is one of the important and significant issues. As an important waterway, the Persian Gulf has ...
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Abstract
Migrations have had political, social, economic, and cultural effects, either intentionally or unintentionally. As the effectiveness of the migration phenomenon, especially in the cultural aspect, is one of the important and significant issues. As an important waterway, the Persian Gulf has been a meeting place of various cultures not only politically and economically, but also culturally. One of these cases is the generally unwanted migration of people of African descent, especially from the eastern parts of this continent, to the shores and rear shores of the Persian Gulf centuries ago and especially in the last two centuries. In addition to being influenced by the residents of these areas, this group has also had a deep impact on the culture of these areas. One of the most important of these effects is the formation and spread of a phenomenon called zar, which is considered one of the subcultures in these areas. In the term, zar is a kind of confusion and distress of people, which they considered to be the result of the actions of evil spirits. The formation and wide spread of the Zar phenomenon has many reasons. The basic question of this research is that what are the causes of the spread and continuation of the zar phenomenon in the shores and backshores of the Persian Gulf? It seems that the lack of a safe haven and the lack of logical reasoning to solve the problems of the residents of the shores and backshores of the Persian Gulf on the one hand and living with many problems in the southern regions of Iran, the many trips of sailors from these areas to the African coasts and the settlement of African descendants on the coasts On the other hand, the Persian Gulf has caused the spread and development of a phenomenon called Zar. Also, this phenomenon has had harmony and similarity with some cultural structures of these areas. This research has been done by relying on library sources and field observations and with descriptive analytical method.
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Hasan Rostami; Abbas ghadimigheydari
Abstract
During the years of constitutionalism, khamse region centered on Zanjan was one of the centers of crisis in the country and due to its proximity to important areas of Tehran and Tabriz and the competition of political groups, it spent years of unrest. Meanwhile, in addition to the political crises of ...
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During the years of constitutionalism, khamse region centered on Zanjan was one of the centers of crisis in the country and due to its proximity to important areas of Tehran and Tabriz and the competition of political groups, it spent years of unrest. Meanwhile, in addition to the political crises of constitutionalism, the enmity of the nobility of the region caused many disturbances.According to the policies of the Qajar patrimonialism government during the Naseri and Mozaffari eras, in the years leading to the constitution, the elite and urban landed gentry of Zanjan (Jahanshah Khan Amirafshar, Zulfiqar Khan Asad al-Dawlah) took over each other’s regions and caused many conflicts in Zanjan and They created Tehran.The basic issue of this research is the relationship between the Qajar governance model and the rivalries and conflicts of the landed aristocracy of Zanjan and the consequences and results of these policies and rivalries. According to the model of the patrimonial government, during the period of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, by selling and giving khalese lands to influential people and top groups, the necessary conditions were provided to acquire other lands in the khamse region, and due to the weakness of the executive institutions of Qajar and Those in power in Tehran and Zanjan did not fulfill the wishes of the people.In the following decades, this defeat paved the way for pursuing the demands of the Zanjan landowner nobility, and this time the descendants of nobility were determined to recapture the lands of khamse region, and a period of instability and insecurity arose in Zanjan. The result of these policies and the inefficiencies of the Qajar government and the executive elements in Tehran and Zanjan was the hardship and homelessness of the people. The present article has investigated the issue by collecting library and documentary data and using original sources such as newspapers in a descriptive-explanatory way.
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abdolah safarzaie; Marziyeh Balochi
Abstract
Sistan and Makoran were two states in the southeast of the lands of the Eastern Caliphate and in the Thaghur region in the 3rd to 6th centuries of Hijri. In that historical period, the territorial extent of Sistan and Makoran states was in the best historical conditions and much wider than today. At ...
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Sistan and Makoran were two states in the southeast of the lands of the Eastern Caliphate and in the Thaghur region in the 3rd to 6th centuries of Hijri. In that historical period, the territorial extent of Sistan and Makoran states was in the best historical conditions and much wider than today. At the beginning of the third century AH, Sistan was under the control of Taherians. In the middle of the third century, the Saffarians ruled over large parts of Iran, including Makoran, centered in Sistan. When the Samanids came to power, followed by the Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks, their efforts to dominate Sistan and Makoran began. On the other hand, Al Boyeh conquered the western areas of Makoran in the 4th century. Such struggles to dominate Sistan and Makoran and the resistance of the remaining Safari kings in Sistan and the rulers of Makoran for their political independence had created complex political relations in the region. On the other hand, Adavieh Road and its numerous branches also facilitated the conditions of bilateral relations between Sistan and Makoran. Therefore, the investigation of the political relations between Makoran and Sistan in this period has a place for analysis and research. When the Saffarians came to power in Sistan in the third century and later, the rulers of Sistan tried to dominate Makoran, but the rulers of Makoran tried to manage this region by themselves. Many of the Turks' attacks on Makoran were carried out through Sistan, and sometimes some rulers of Sistan took refuge in Makoran as a result of the pressure of the invading tribes or internal factions. The purpose of this article is to explain the political relations between Sistan and Makoran from the third to the sixth century of Hijri. This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical way using library resources. The achievement of this research is to get to know the useful experiences of relations between Sistan and Makoran from the 3rd to the 6th century and to use those experiences in the planning and policies facing the province of Sistan and Baluchistan.
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Sorena Firouzi; Mahsa Veisi
Abstract
Regarding the background of the inscribing of Zoroaster's poems, there are two general views: archaic and contemporary. The archaic view is documented in Pahlavi texts and reflected in the writings of some historians from the Islamic era, who suggest that these religious texts were written before Alexander's ...
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Regarding the background of the inscribing of Zoroaster's poems, there are two general views: archaic and contemporary. The archaic view is documented in Pahlavi texts and reflected in the writings of some historians from the Islamic era, who suggest that these religious texts were written before Alexander's invasion. However, the opinion of contemporary scholars emphasizes a delay in this process.This research is based on a historical approach and textual content analysis on one hand, and an assessment of the writing situation on the Iranian plateau relevant to the first half of the first millennium BC, on the other hand. It first examines the evidence and arguments of both views and then analyzes the subject based on the temporal and geographical components related to the time of Zoroaster and the Achaemenid era. The purpose of this article is to estimate the oldest possible time for the composition of the oldest part of the Avesta attributed to Zoroaster through evaluating the evidence related to Zoroastrian hymns.The article asserts that there are effects of inscribing Zoroaster's poems at the time of their composition, and discusses what kind of script and writing system could have been used, as well as the reasons for its existence.Contrary to the beliefs of some modern Western scholars, this study demonstrates that the Avestan texts, including Zoroaster's poems (Gathas), were written before Alexander's invasion. The article concludes by discussing the matter of the script or language referred to as "Aryan" by Darius the Great and its connection to the topic.At the end of the article, the issue of the script or language referred to as "Aryan" by Darius the Great and its relation to the subject is discussed. This article states that the aforementioned script has no connection with Persian cuneiform or Old Persian language. Rather, the intention was to write in the Bactrian (Aryan) language of Darius' era, which was either in a common Aramaic script or a script derived from it.
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Hamidreza Fahandezhsaadi; Abdolreza seif
Abstract
Tazkira al-Awliyâ is one of the first books in Persian language, which mentions the sayings and biographies of ascetics and Sufis in a unified way, and it is also among the first Persian works that have been edited in a scientific and modern way (1905) and this itself is a proof of the value and ...
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Tazkira al-Awliyâ is one of the first books in Persian language, which mentions the sayings and biographies of ascetics and Sufis in a unified way, and it is also among the first Persian works that have been edited in a scientific and modern way (1905) and this itself is a proof of the value and importance of this eternal letter of Attâr Nishâburi. Undoubtedly, such a great work requires diverse and innovative researches, and a number of editors and researchers have made valuable efforts in this direction; However, this book still has very important points and hidden angles that have not been addressed, and in this article, an effort has been made to point out ten of them in order to make this work as effective as possible: First, a short introduction about the Tazkira al-Awliyâ and the issue of attributing it to Attâr is presented. And then about issues such as "the suspicion of the nil", the omission of an important name in the mention of Abu Hafs Haddâd, the lack of discipleship of Abu al-Qasim Korrakâni under Abu Osmân Maqrebi, about the attribution of a speech to Abu Mohammad Jariri, the identification of one of the declarations of Tazkira by the name of Sa’laba Ansâri, the invalidity of Abu Ali Rudbâri's genealogy, the family relationship of Abu Amr Nojayd and Abu Abd al-Rahman Solami, the relationship between Ibn Xafif and Jonayd Baqdâdi, the relationship between Amr ibn Osmân Makki and Ja’far Xoldi, and the correct date of death of Mohammad ibn Aslam Tusi will be discussed with reference to authentic documents.
Key words: Attâr Nishâburi, Tazkira al-Awliyâ, textual criticism, historical error, annotations, names of persons. Key words: Attâr Nishâburi, Tazkira al-Awliyâ, textual criticism, historical error, annotations, names of persons. Key words: Attâr Nishâburi, Tazkira al-Awliyâ, textual criticism, historical error, annotations, names of persons.
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Mahboubeh Shabani Jafroudi; seyedehmamak salavatian; alireza nikouei; Samereh Asadi majreh
Abstract
The influence of the mental processes of the artist during the creation of the artwork is obvious. In this regard, Carl Gustav Jung, the psychoanalyst, found ancient patterns in the human collective psyche, by studying dreams and myths, which have been manifested many times in human creations throughout ...
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The influence of the mental processes of the artist during the creation of the artwork is obvious. In this regard, Carl Gustav Jung, the psychoanalyst, found ancient patterns in the human collective psyche, by studying dreams and myths, which have been manifested many times in human creations throughout the history. The expansion of this idea led to the creation of archetypal approach that has been effective in humanities and art researches. In this attitude, the artwork is considered as psycho of its creator, and the metaphors inside it are interpreted based on specific archetypes. Among the different types of art, architecture and in this research, "the architecture of the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era", has trans-physical ideas in addition to the material side. The traditional architecture of Iran has been various and rich aspects of the culture and beliefs, therefore provides an opportunity to reflect on the manifestations of collective unconscious. This research has sought to understand the implicit concepts and common themes between two archetypes of the Self and the Individualization Process, in Jung's theories and the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era. the research questions are explained as follows: What are the themes related to archetypes of the self and and the Individualization Process in the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran? On which components of the traditional houses, the archetypes of the Self and and the Individualization Process have been manifested? The research method is qualitative content analysis with the interaction of inductive and comparative approaches with phenomenology attitude. The reliability of the research in the quantitative part is determined by applying Cronbach's alpha coefficient in Spss software. The single-sample T-test confirms the research hypotheses. The results of the research show that the common themes such as "centrality", "coexistence of opposites", "introversion", "Mandala geometry", "hierarchy" and "unity" between the archetypes of the self and the individualization process in Jung's theory and the architectural principles and components of the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era.
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nilofar mosavi; hassan Zandiyehh; amirtymour rafiei; hamidreza safakish
Abstract
Abstractthe Belief in astronomical laws and the influence of heavenly objects on human life is the Iranian’s oldest beliefs. This belief is not only an important part of popular culture but also, it always had a lot of influence and expansion on government’s different levels. various aspects ...
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Abstractthe Belief in astronomical laws and the influence of heavenly objects on human life is the Iranian’s oldest beliefs. This belief is not only an important part of popular culture but also, it always had a lot of influence and expansion on government’s different levels. various aspects of political life and the society of the people in Qajar era are such as ,Using the rules of astrology in campaigns, making treaties, war and peace, sitting on the royal throne, hunting, traveling, shopping, trading, education, prayer, treatment of diseases, marriage, etc. Believing in the auspiciousness and bad luck of days was an important part of their beliefs and the effects of heavens; which was mixed with some religious rules over time. Such a belief created decisions, actions and knowledge in accordance with the traditional discourse of the society on the subject of astronomical rulings, which manifested itself in various aspects of political and social life. Therefore, the current research tries to answer this question, what were the socio-political foundations of the belief in good and bad luck from a historical perspective in this period, and what consequences did this issue have on the political and social life of Iranians during the Qajar era? This research has described, analysed and explained the traditional dominant discourse of the society with the constructivist methodology on the two levels of action and structure on the subject of good and bad luck days and its consequences from the view of superstition paradigm. Based on research findings, psychological factors such as fear, submission and fatalism along with scientific ignorance and resistance to new ideas, lack of organized education system, lack of public and government treatment services, political unrest, famine and economic problems, tyranny, The oppression and low status of women in this period had led to the spread of the belief in the bad themes, and the determination of good times in the calendars of this period played an effective role in the continuation and spread of this belief.
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ُShayesteh Sadat Mousavi; Pariya shateriyan
Abstract
The significance of the mega metaphors' metamorphosis in the History of Concepts
(with a focus on the conceptual transformation of the word "homeland")
،The metamorphism of the mega-metaphors functions as a main indication of the historical ruptures. The political and social concepts ...
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The significance of the mega metaphors' metamorphosis in the History of Concepts
(with a focus on the conceptual transformation of the word "homeland")
،The metamorphism of the mega-metaphors functions as a main indication of the historical ruptures. The political and social concepts expose themselves in new configuration and evolve in companion with the historical transformations. Conceptual History or The History of Concepts is one of the new disciplines of History studies which surveys the conceptual evolutions through the time. Conceptual History is a proper framework to observe the articulation of social and cultural concepts through the time. This discipline shows how the concepts transform through the threshold eras (known as "Sattelzeit" in German terminology) and how thay subsequently transfer toward the future within a new conceptual form. Nevertheless, neglect of apparently non-political traits such as allegories, metaphors, myths, etc. could be regarded as one of the biggest deficiencies of this scope. In this paper, which is based on the Conceptual History Project of Reinhart Koselleck, we will observe the role of allegories and metaphors in conceptualization of the words and how they make the words reach to the modern era loaded by a new conceptual connotation. Homeland, as one of the greatest keywords of the modern era, has appropriate the focus point of this research. This word, along with a large number of other words, has been loaded by a new conceptual connotation in the constitutional era of Iran - which must be regarded as one of the main threshold eras of Iran's history-. As we will see, by grafting to the main concepts like woman, mother, home, etc.the word "homeland" breaks out of its lexical mold and evolves into a modern concept. keywords: The history of concepts or the conceptual history, threshold era (Sattelzeit), mega metaphors, constitutional era, homeland
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Razwan Arif Abbas; Nasser Sedqhi; Vali Dinparast
Abstract
Abstract:
One of the Sufi order in Islam is the Qadiriyya Order, whose founder is Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani (died 561 AH). In the seventh and eighth centuries, the Qadiriyya order spread in Iraq, then India, the Levant, and North Africa. It gradually gained followers in Kurdistan from the 9th ...
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Abstract:
One of the Sufi order in Islam is the Qadiriyya Order, whose founder is Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani (died 561 AH). In the seventh and eighth centuries, the Qadiriyya order spread in Iraq, then India, the Levant, and North Africa. It gradually gained followers in Kurdistan from the 9th century of Hijri. Since then, in the following centuries, the number of followers of this tariqat increased day by day in Kurdistan, Iraq and Iran. So that today this order has followers in these regions, the investigation of how and the causes of the spread of the Qadiriyya order in Kurdistan is the subject of this research. The method of conducting this research is descriptive-analytical and it seeks to answer the question that what factors have caused the expansion of Qadiriyya order in Kurdistan? The findings of his study show that there are several factors for the expansion of the Qadiriyya ordert in Kurdistan, including things such as: the cultural activities of the Qadiriyya Spirtual Leaders, the local power vacuum in Kurdistan, the numerous trips of the sheikhs to various regions and the propagation of the Qadiriyya Order among the people. Interaction with local rulers or with the Ottoman government was effective in spreading this religion in Kurdistan.The subject of this research is how the Qadiriyya Tariqat spread in Kurdistan during the period discussed by these people. Who were the followers of the Qadiriyya Tariqat in Kurdistan and how did they spread this Tariqat in Kurdistan for the first time is the question of this research.In connection with Qadiriyeh method, several studies have been written, which can be mentioned: Hadidi, Khalil; Dehghan, Ali and Fernia, Naser (2013), in an article titled "Zekr in the Qadiriyya Tariqat" have investigated the rituals of this Tariqat.For the first time, the Qadiriyya Tariqat in Kurdistan was flourished and glorified by the Barzanji dynasty. The founders of this family were two brothers named Isa and Musa (at the end of the first half of the 15th century), who settled in Barzanjeh, which is one of the villages of Shahrzour,
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Mehdi Mousavinia
Abstract
A part of the identity and culture of the people of Iran has been preserved in the framework of native and local games. In Iran land, many local and diverse sports are performed in various ceremonies. Among these games that have gained a national aspect in Iranian culture is the game of polo, which has ...
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A part of the identity and culture of the people of Iran has been preserved in the framework of native and local games. In Iran land, many local and diverse sports are performed in various ceremonies. Among these games that have gained a national aspect in Iranian culture is the game of polo, which has been passed down from one generation to the next and continues to exist. Polo has a high place in Iranian culture and has gone beyond a mere game and is connected with the value and intellectual system of Iranian society. Our understanding of the polo game relies more on historical texts, literature, and artifacts. But the gap that can be seen in this field is the examination of the phenomena and evidence of polo games from the perspective of intangible cultural heritage. Therefore, the purpose of the present article is to know the place, importance, and explanation of the polo match as one of the components of identity in the culture of Iranian people with a descriptive-analytical method. In order to achieve this goal, the game of polo has been considered in various fields of oral traditions, social customs, and performing arts. First, the toponyms that are connected with polo have been checked. Then, the evidence of playing polo among native and local games has been discussed. And it tried to identify the signs of polo and to express its similarities and differences among different regions. The result of the research showed that the polo game was customary not only among the nobles and elders but also among the ordinary people of Iran. Eleven places related to polo, as well as holding it in different regions of Iran, both on horseback and on foot, are a sign of people's deep connection with this game. The polo match has played an effective role not only as a national game but also as an efficient cultural element in the cultural and social life of Iranian society.This game has reflected the attitudes of Iranians in people's lives and has contributed to the continuity of their cultural traditions.
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Mohammad Amir Mashhadhi; Sara Nezamdoost
Abstract
The sixth century is the peak of the use of astronomical terms in Persian poetry and prose. One of the most prominent and prominent works in the use of terms and information of astronomy in Persian literature is the Maghamat of Qazi Hamiduddin Balkhi (559 AD), which he authored in 551. The present study ...
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The sixth century is the peak of the use of astronomical terms in Persian poetry and prose. One of the most prominent and prominent works in the use of terms and information of astronomy in Persian literature is the Maghamat of Qazi Hamiduddin Balkhi (559 AD), which he authored in 551. The present study aims to investigate the use of astronomy in Hamidi Maghamat in a descriptive-analytical way, and tries to answer the question of how and for what purpose Hamiduddin Balkhi used astronomy and its tools in officials; Therefore, the authors' effort is to analyzed. In the current research, in the discussion of the stars in the Hamidi Maghamat, first the circulation of the heavens and the stars has been the attention of the author. Then, topics related to astronomical instruments, atmospheric phenomena, the influence of the planets on the fate of people, the seven stars and the twelve constellations have been discussed and investigated. this work in terms of the mentioned subject by extracting the samples used. according to this The results of the research indicate that Hamiduddin Balkhi has used the science of astronomy skillfully and with full knowledge in the officials to be fruitful and show his capability. The importance of the application of astronomy and atmospheric phenomena in officials is so far much that it has dedicated an Maghame (the twentieth Maghame: doctor and astrologer) to this discussion. Therefore, it can be claimed that Balkhi, with a complete knowledge of astronomy, used it for various reasons, including showing his abilities in applying astronomy and expressing his grace and knowledge, literary and artistic fantasy effects and in Finally, due to his religious beliefs, he has used it to introduce his work to the readers and make it special in this way, so that after him, the immortality of his work will be preserved.
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Sorena Firouzi; Zohre Jozi
Abstract
The study of Mesopotamian inscriptions, especially from the Middle and Neo-Assyrian periods, has provided researchers with much geographical data. Based on the topographical coordinates provided by this information, the cultural and historical background of the western and central regions of the Iranian ...
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The study of Mesopotamian inscriptions, especially from the Middle and Neo-Assyrian periods, has provided researchers with much geographical data. Based on the topographical coordinates provided by this information, the cultural and historical background of the western and central regions of the Iranian plateau has been better investigated. This process has formed the basis for many historical, cultural, and archaeological studies. Assyrians gradually began to pay attention to the east of their land from the era of Tiglath-Pileser I, and this view gained strength during the Neo-Assyrian periods. Therefore, in this upcoming research, we will use the geographical basis of the royal inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian kings to investigate which territories described in those written documents corresponded to the boundaries of the current Ilam province or at least its northern part. This article demonstrates that contrary to opinions raised about the land of Namri, an important part of the coordinates of this ancient area coincided with the boundaries of Ilam province. Furthermore, this research argues that based on this conclusion and a study of the cultural components of Namri, we can gain a better understanding of the cultural state of the coordinates of Ilam province in the first millennium BCE .The study of Mesopotamian inscriptions, especially from the Middle and Neo-Assyrian periods, has provided researchers with much geographical data. Based on the topographical coordinates provided by this information, the cultural and historical background of the western and central regions of the Iranian plateau has been better investigated. This process has formed the basis for many historical, cultural, and archaeological studies. Assyrians gradually began to pay attention to the east of their land from the era of Tiglath-Pileser I, and this view gained strength during the Neo-Assyrian periods. Therefore, in this upcoming research, we will use the geographical basis of the royal inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian kings to investigate which territories described in those written documents corresponded to the boundaries of the current Ilam province or at least its northern part.
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majid ahmad pour
Abstract
The current research aims to investigate the "methodology of the practical wisdom of planning architecture in Iranian Islamic culture". Because in a sense, architecture can be considered in the category of "wisdom"; Because it is realized in a context of "knowledge" and ...
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The current research aims to investigate the "methodology of the practical wisdom of planning architecture in Iranian Islamic culture". Because in a sense, architecture can be considered in the category of "wisdom"; Because it is realized in a context of "knowledge" and requires "intention"; architecture is the emergence of a worldview that is considered a product of the culture of human societies and at the same time it is also a "transmitter of culture". The main question of the current research is that in what way has the Islamic school of ruling, worldview and value system devised the matter of architecture in Iranian culture in two areas of opinion and practice? In response, Islamic culture has determined criteria for the wisdom of matters related to human life, which, as a rule, architecture cannot be independent of those criteria; On the one hand, the superiority of wisdom has been considered to connect it to the world of affairs and receive divine grace and mercy, and on the other hand, they are involved with their rival currents and propose a special planning system. The compatibility of reason and revelation is one of the characteristics of Islamic practical wisdom in planning affairs. It is considered architecture. A system of planning that does not conflict with human intellectual achievements as a result of being connected to the epistemological system of revelation. In particular, in Iran due to its Shiite background and the field of interaction between narration, reason and intuition, which Muslim sages have constantly theorized and used wisdom in Various dimensions of human life have extended and lived with it, it has placed a significant capacity to lay down the wise measures of human life in front of the governance system of the Islamic society.The current research is trying to investigate the "methodology of the practical wisdom of planning architecture in Islamic Iranian culture", because in a sense, architecture can be considered as "wisdom".
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Shirzad Tayefi; Poorya Mirakhorli
Abstract
Adaptation studies in Iran, due to the lack of attention to proper theoretical foundations, has a great vacuum, which has led to the non-widespread of this interdisciplinary topic among Persian researches. Now, this research with a pathological view of the existing situation and by applying a suitable ...
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Adaptation studies in Iran, due to the lack of attention to proper theoretical foundations, has a great vacuum, which has led to the non-widespread of this interdisciplinary topic among Persian researches. Now, this research with a pathological view of the existing situation and by applying a suitable approach, in addition to designing and proposing a suitable approach for adaptation research, it is also trying to do a comparative analysis of one of the adaptation works and its case study. For this purpose, in this research, the approach of Neo-formalism, which has the ability to be used in both literature and cinema, is based on narratology and based on it, the comparative reading of time and place in the story and movie "White nights" Fyodor Dostoevsky, Saeed Aqiqi and Farzad Motmen have been discussed. The neo-formalism approach discusses the elements of form in such a way that the audience has an active and effective role in the narration process. Dostoyevsky's story "White Nights" is a work that takes place in 19th century Russia. Based on this story, Saeed Aqiqi has written a screenplay with the same title and turned it into a movie.Considering that the setting in Saeed Aqiqi's screenplay is changed compared to the original work, it is considered a native and iranian work. In the upcoming article, the change of time and place of the literary work from Russia of the 19th century to Tehran of the 21st century is examined from the perspective of neoformalism. Therefore, in the upcoming article, the change of time and place of the literary work from Russia of the 19th century to Tehran of the 21st century is examined from the perspective of neoformalism. It is also discussed how a long story by Dostoyevsky, with the change of time and place to the Iranian ecosystem and culture, still maintains its important elements and is considered an important work.
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kaveh Ghanbari; Aliakbar Forati
Abstract
With the defeat of the authoritarian and centrist government of the Sassanids by the Muslim Arabs, the use of the Middle Persian language in the court and government organizations gradually faded and then disappeared. The Pahlavi language, which until then was the official language of the government ...
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With the defeat of the authoritarian and centrist government of the Sassanids by the Muslim Arabs, the use of the Middle Persian language in the court and government organizations gradually faded and then disappeared. The Pahlavi language, which until then was the official language of the government and the language of many works created at that time, gradually gave its place to the Arabic language, which was considered a sacred language in light of its sanctity of the Holy Quran. In such a situation, every writer in Iranshahr poured his mind and thoughts into the Arabic language, and the Arabic language became the language of the elite group of Iranian society and the language of contemporary culture. From writing letters in the courts to writing news and reviews, etc., everything was in Arabic. In this situation, Arab poets of Iranian origin who played the role of connecting Iranian cultural and literary traditions; They introduced the elements of Iranian culture into the Arabic language, one of the most prominent of which was the Iranshahri celebrations, which provided a platform for the rest of Iran's cultural traditions to be transferred through this channel. In the current research, Iranian festivals in the works of writers and poets of Yatima Al-Dahr book were examined with a literary-historical-social approach. The findings of this research show that Nowruz, Mehrgan, Sadeh, Ram, Afrijkan, and Khorroz festivals were celebrated in the order of their importance at that time. Nowruz, Mehrgan and Sadeh had more of an occasion aspect and were expressed as court celebrations; Although the Sadeh and its ruling atmosphere have been described more than Nowruz and Mehrgan; On the other hand, Ram, Afrijkan and Khorroz have been important among the masses of people. In addition, the influence of Iranian culture on Arabic poetry is evident, ranging from Iranshahri celebrations to the description of the components of Iranian culture such as nature, spring, flowers, colors, and music, etc.
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Mahmoud Fazilat; Arad Gholami
Abstract
Since literature is the manifestation and reflection of the realities of human life and their aspirations, it is constantly influenced by history. Therefore, the roots of many literary stories and narratives can be found in historical events and narratives. In this research, we focus on four historical ...
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Since literature is the manifestation and reflection of the realities of human life and their aspirations, it is constantly influenced by history. Therefore, the roots of many literary stories and narratives can be found in historical events and narratives. In this research, we focus on four historical and literary narratives that have a special type of deception as their motif: the historical narrative of Zopyrus during the Achaemenid era, the historical narrative of the battle of Peroz I with the Hephthalites during the Sassanid era, the story of the Crows and the Owls in Kelileh va Demneh and the story of the Christian Torturing King in the first book of Masnavi-ye Ma’navi. In order to provide a comprehensive view, at first, we give a summary of each of these four narratives (descriptive level) and then we explain their commonalities and differences (analytical level). The first narrative is about a Persian man named Zopyrus, who helped Darius the Great to conquer Babylon with a trick. The second narrative tells the story of a man from the companions of Akhshunwar, the ruler of the Hephthalites, who led to the defeat of the Sassanid army by gaining the trust of Peroz I. The third narrative depicts the conflict between two groups of birds, crows and owls, which ends in favor of the first group with the cleverness and cunning of a crow. The fourth narrative is the story of a Jewish king who, with the trick of his minister, causes internal conflict and mass killing of Christians. As can be seen, in all these four narratives, gaining the enemy’s trust by harming oneself is used as a motif, but the method of processing this motif is different in the aforementioned stories. This research, according to its topic and method, is conducted as library research. The findings of this research show that the main plot is the same in these four narratives, but their processing is different. In addition, the historical narrative of Zopyrus can be considered an ancient source for three other narratives; a source that has been neglected until now.
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ammar ahmadi; vahid rashidvash; yaqub sharbatian semnani; ali baseri
Abstract
At first glance, traditional dolls are a kind of symbolic toy for girls and boys in most regions of Azerbaijan. Most of the different regions of Ardabil province, whether cities or villages, have their own dolls, which are different in terms of their physical structure and social symbolic function. This ...
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At first glance, traditional dolls are a kind of symbolic toy for girls and boys in most regions of Azerbaijan. Most of the different regions of Ardabil province, whether cities or villages, have their own dolls, which are different in terms of their physical structure and social symbolic function. This case study is focused on ritual and symbolic dolls that were common among the people of Ardabil province in the past and still continue in some rural areas. Traditional and ritual dolls common among the people of different regions of Ardabil province show the social role of men and women, in other words, teaching them their future social duties and responsibilities. The research method of this applied research is based on qualitative research based on field analysis, which uses the theory of symbolic and interpretive anthropology in the anthropological analysis and interpretation of the problem. The innovation and innovation of this research article lies in the rarity of this group of articles, in other words, the emptiness of this research in the field of case studies of Ardabil province was felt completely. The result of this research, in addition to the introduction and preservation of traditional dolls of different regions of Ardabil province, in the myths and legends of these symbolic dolls, the temporal and spatial item has been assigned to some extent the tone and structural color of the culture of the people of Ardabil. The climatic and living conditions of these dolls show that the place of the narrative is mountainous regions with long, long and harsh winters and short and dull summers. The names of these traditional, symbolic and ritual dolls of the people of different regions of Ardabil province are: Glin Bala doll, Chumche Khatin, Dodo, Bicheh, Al-Khortadi, Tekem, each of these traditional and ritual dolls have their own symbolic function. .
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Mohammad ansari; jahangi safari; Ebrahim zaheri abdevand
Abstract
The Reflection of Mythological Motifs in the Story of the Baradaran-e-Talaee in Bakhtiari Culture
Abstract
The story of "Baradaran-e-Talaee" is a well-known tale in Bakhtiari culture that features various mythological motifs, including the ritual of sacrifice for the mother goddess, the ...
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The Reflection of Mythological Motifs in the Story of the Baradaran-e-Talaee in Bakhtiari Culture
Abstract
The story of "Baradaran-e-Talaee" is a well-known tale in Bakhtiari culture that features various mythological motifs, including the ritual of sacrifice for the mother goddess, the comparison of characters with gods, and the mythological function of objects and places such as rings, snow, mountains, and pomegranates. Therefore, understanding this story correctly depends on recognizing these mythological motifs. In this research, these motifs are studied in connection with texts such as Shahnameh, using the documentary method and descriptive analytical approach. The findings and results of the study show that the main myth in this story is the marriage with the Peri and the rituals related to it. Some of these rituals, such as marriage with an aqueduct, are still common in different regions of Iran. Furthermore, the characters in this story are transformed gods, or it can be said that the gods were an archetype for creating them. For example, the character of the Darvish, due to his two Ahura and Ahriman faces, is like the god Vayus. Most of Peri's functions, such as connection with water and spring, sacrifice, the power of transfiguration, and turning the hero into stone, can be seen in the actions of the character of the cave girl. The actions of the story, such as the killing of a young man/darvish at the fountain, are rooted in the ritual of sacrifice to the goddess of water. The transformation of characters into gold is a mythological symbol of immortality, exogamy, and the bold role of the daughter and father in marriage are also rooted in the culture of mythological marriages.
Key words: myth, Bakhtiari culture, "Baradaran-e-Talaee" story, mythological marriage culture, Izad Vayu.
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mina Rastgar fard; Yaghoub Mohammadifar; Esmail Hemati Azandaryani
Abstract
Pearl is one of the most frequently used ornaments in Sassanid decoration arts which, as a valuable element and the symbol of divine glory in religious and nonreligious figures. In the Sassanid era comprehensive and vast connections with the east was formed which led to exchange of cultural concepts ...
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Pearl is one of the most frequently used ornaments in Sassanid decoration arts which, as a valuable element and the symbol of divine glory in religious and nonreligious figures. In the Sassanid era comprehensive and vast connections with the east was formed which led to exchange of cultural concepts and content of Sassanid art with those countries. The wide-range reach of Persian culture and its expanse and popularity in China on the Silk Road is one of the main focuses of this research; and thus, the study of pearl decorations as an index of most repeated common decorations in Sassanid era, especially particular art of the courtiers and nobles, has been considered. This study aims to answer two important questions: By studying the pearl motifs, the influence of the artistic and religious thinking of the Sassanid court on Chinese civilization can be examined from what aspects? Was the usage of pearl depictions in Chinese arts consciously or was it a mere imitation of Sassanid royal arts as a new and luxurious commodity or tradition? The nature of current study is fundamental and its approach is descriptive, analytical-comparative and the data gathering method is of library type. In this study culture refers to distinct and unique parts of artistic tastes and thoughts, architectural decorations, textiles and other artworks that had an impact on Chinese culture. The considered geographical expanse includes documents achieved in the eastern Sassanid provinces and further the study of its impact along the Silk Road through China. The pearl decorative elements used in Buddhist temples, Sogdian tombs or Manichaean sources are not merely imitations derived from the Sassanid aesthetic concept; Rather, it is a conscious choice of its original concept and then the application of this art in a new religious and cultural context. It seems that the main factor in introducing the Sassanid culture to the neighboring nations is trade along the Silk Road, in front of the presence of numerous ambassadors and the sending of various gifts from the Sassanids to the Chinese court.
