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Mohamadjavad Owladhoseyn; Mojtaba Doroodi
Abstract
The subject of the current research is the reading of a new inscription in Mount Hossein, Fars province, Marvdasht Plain, near Naqsh-e Rostam. The discovery of this inscription took place in the last months of 1400 solar year; It has been widely reflected in the news agencies and it has been referred ...
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The subject of the current research is the reading of a new inscription in Mount Hossein, Fars province, Marvdasht Plain, near Naqsh-e Rostam. The discovery of this inscription took place in the last months of 1400 solar year; It has been widely reflected in the news agencies and it has been referred to as an inscription that contains the names of Zoroaster and Amherspandan and as a non-burial inscription. Names whose existence is not observed in this inscription. It will also be seen that the present inscription is among the burial inscriptions. According to the classification of private inscriptions in this region, the present inscription can be mentioned as Naqsh-e Rostam 4, which was written in Middle Persian tradition. Burial inscriptions include an important part of private writings with Zoroastrian tradition, which due to the ritual nature of the historical and cultural collection of Naqsh-e Rostam, most of the inscriptions found in this area also have the same feature. Among the burial inscriptions that have been seen in this before; We can refer to Shāh Ismāʾil rock inscriptions, Darreh Boreh inscriptions, and Gīrd- e lak inscriptions. The present inscription also belongs to the same group of inscriptions. This inscription, measuring 30 x 35 cm, is engraved on top of a coffin in six lines, and it is said to belong to a person named Wahrām ī Mēhrag. According to the date mentioned in the inscription, it is likely to be related to the 6th of May in the year 40 of Yazdgerdi. This year is equal to 672 AD and 53 AH, which is the era of Muawiya's caliphate. Also, in this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the types of structures related to burial in Mount Hossein. The current research was conducted in the field and documents.
Cheten Tash; Mahmod Jafari Dehaghi
Abstract
The Kurdish language is a chain of interconnected western Iranian dialects. In terms of phonetics, morphology, and syntax, this language has many common features with the modern Iranian languages around it, as well as Middle Iranian languages, such as Middle Persian. One of these features is irony. ...
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The Kurdish language is a chain of interconnected western Iranian dialects. In terms of phonetics, morphology, and syntax, this language has many common features with the modern Iranian languages around it, as well as Middle Iranian languages, such as Middle Persian. One of these features is irony. In the construction of irony, the behavior of the subject and the direct object is fundamentally different from the subject-object system in terms of mode and marking. According to the order of dependence, each verb has dependents that necessarily come with it based on its capacity. Subject, direct object and indirect object are dependents of the verb. In this research, based on the order of dependence, the behavior of the verb and its relationship with its dependents in the construction of irony in the Kurdish language has been investigated and compared with Middle Persian. And by examining examples from Middle Persian and Kurdish languages, an attempt has been made to analyze the problem of verb conjugation, and at the end, a special case of verb conjugation in these languages is examined. The Kurdish language is a chain of interconnected western Iranian dialects. In terms of phonetics, morphology, and syntax, this language has many common features with the modern Iranian languages around it, as well as Middle Iranian languages, such as Middle Persian. One of these features is irony. In the construction of irony, the behavior of the subject and the direct object is fundamentally different from the subject-object system in terms of mode and marking. According to the order of dependence, each verb has dependents that necessarily come with it based on its capacity. Subject, direct object and indirect object are dependents of the verb. In this research, based on the order of dependence, the behavior of the verb and its relationship with its dependents in the construction of irony in the Kurdish language has been investigated and compared with Middle Persian. And by examining examples from Middle Persian and Kurdish languages, an attempt has been made to analyze the problem of verb conjugation, and at the end, a special case of verb conjugation in these languages is examined.
Mohammad hasan Jalalian Chaleshtari
Abstract
There are some verbs in the early Persian texts in which instead of the normal verb endings, the enclitic personal pronouns are attached to the past stem; therefore they have been termed as ‘pronoun-constructed’ verbs by researchers of Persian grammar. The main usage of these verbs are optative ...
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There are some verbs in the early Persian texts in which instead of the normal verb endings, the enclitic personal pronouns are attached to the past stem; therefore they have been termed as ‘pronoun-constructed’ verbs by researchers of Persian grammar. The main usage of these verbs are optative or conditional and there are reliable evidence of 2nd person singular and plural and also 1st person plural. Although some suspicious evidence is available from other persons, one cannot be sure of their accuracy and relevance to these verbs. The only accepted explanation on the antecedent of these verbs is G. Lazard’s view that the existence of the pronoun in these constructions is related to some of the ergative verbs in Middle Persian in which instead of a pronoun preceding the past stem, the enclitic pronoun is attached to it. In this paper first the weakness of this view will be shown and then it is proposed that the enclitic pronoun has been attached through a reanalysis of the of the first person singular verbal ending as the first person enclitic pronoun. Such a reanalysis has also examples in Sogdian.
meysam mohammadi
Abstract
Ayādgār ī Zarērān (Memorial of Zarēr) is a text that in its original version has been composed in Parthian language. This text has been amended and distorted in the process of transcription into the Middle Persian alphabet and language. This makes it difficult to read some of the words and sentences ...
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Ayādgār ī Zarērān (Memorial of Zarēr) is a text that in its original version has been composed in Parthian language. This text has been amended and distorted in the process of transcription into the Middle Persian alphabet and language. This makes it difficult to read some of the words and sentences and scholars have taken different ways in reading them. In this paper, these readings are first reviewed and criticized, and then some new suggestions are put forward. The basis of these suggestions is the adaptation between Ayādgār ī Zarērān and Draxt ī Āsūrīg (Assyrian tree), an originally Parthian text, and the evidence of the Parthian Manichaean texts. The reading of two passages from the New Persian texts written in Ray, Qumis, Gorgan, and Herat also provides some testimonies. In some phrases, some emendations have been made and in others we have been able to present a new reading by identifying a kind of elegy which is evidenced in the Parthian Manichean texts.
Mohammad Hasan Jalalian Chaleshtari
Abstract
The script and orthography system which are used for the zoroastrian middle Persian (= Pahlavi) texts because of their many shortcomings and difficulties have always caused many misunderstandings and misinterpretations by the ancient users and modern researchers. This indeterminacy of the script and ...
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The script and orthography system which are used for the zoroastrian middle Persian (= Pahlavi) texts because of their many shortcomings and difficulties have always caused many misunderstandings and misinterpretations by the ancient users and modern researchers. This indeterminacy of the script and the lack of a complete and accurate understanding of the contents of the texts have caused the past writers and scribes of these texts and modern researchers make unfounded legends in order to legitimize their readings. In this article after surveying the different written forms of the name of Sogdiana in Pahlavi texts and offering a transcription for one of them, the hapax epithet of this land, haft-āšyan “with seven nests” is studied. This epithet is recorded in a Pahlavi text, šahestānīhā ī ērānšahr, and a persian history work, Gardizi’s Zain al-Axbār. At the end “haft-āšyān” is considerd as a distorted rendering of the Avestan form suγδō.šayana-. The Avestan form is reached to Middle Persian as suwdōšayan, but this middle Persian form is finally abandoned in pahlavi manuscripts and Islamic texts due to the unawareness of the scribes and also its similarity to haftāšyān.
Zoren Faika
Abstract
In Middle Persian (Pahlavi), like many Other languages, one aspect of subjunctive verbs in the present tense and the past tense is used, but the evidence in the literature that is available only from some Syghhhay. Middle Persian is bound by the obligation Kmkarbrdtr of past and present verb root is ...
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In Middle Persian (Pahlavi), like many Other languages, one aspect of subjunctive verbs in the present tense and the past tense is used, but the evidence in the literature that is available only from some Syghhhay. Middle Persian is bound by the obligation Kmkarbrdtr of past and present verb root is apparently limited to some of the material or Ben hung verbs and auxiliary verb hād made. However, a different form of subjunctive verbs used in the literature that Article past and present verb root verb būdan mere mention of it has not been, in the order books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showed.been, in the order books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showedorder books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showed.been, in the order books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showed.
Saeed Ahmad Qaemmaqami
Abstract
In Middle Persian (Pahlavi), like many Other languages, one aspect of subjunctive verbs in the present tense and the past tense is used, but the evidence in the literature that is available only from some Syghhhay. Middle Persian is bound by the obligation Kmkarbrdtr of past and present verb root is ...
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In Middle Persian (Pahlavi), like many Other languages, one aspect of subjunctive verbs in the present tense and the past tense is used, but the evidence in the literature that is available only from some Syghhhay. Middle Persian is bound by the obligation Kmkarbrdtr of past and present verb root is apparently limited to some of the material or Ben hung verbs and auxiliary verb hād made. However, a different form of subjunctive verbs used in the literature that Article past and present verb root verb būdan mere mention of it has not been, in the order books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showed.been, in the order books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showedorder books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showed.been, in the order books. The construction of the new Persian (or Farsi, Dari) and its origin can also find the continuation of the current structure combines the ancient Iranian languages (ie Avesta and ancient Persian) showed.
