Research Paper
Mostafa Eslami Sanjbad; Abdolreza Seyf
Abstract
The aim of this article is to scrutiny the concept of distance in Hafez Poetry based on the theory of mental spaces of Fauconie and Turner. This theory, which was proposed in the field of cognitive semantics, due to special attention to semantic processes and its complexities from a cognitive point of ...
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The aim of this article is to scrutiny the concept of distance in Hafez Poetry based on the theory of mental spaces of Fauconie and Turner. This theory, which was proposed in the field of cognitive semantics, due to special attention to semantic processes and its complexities from a cognitive point of view, can provide a suitable framework for analysis in the study of Hafez's sonnets, whom has always been the leader of Persian-language poets in terms of the complexity of their themes. Studies showed that the concept of distance in Hafez's poetry appears in the form of spatial distance, temporal distance and cognitive distance. cognitive distance is seen more than other types of distance in Hafez's poetry. In this way, the poet uses temporal and spatial elements and generally concrete and objective elements to convey an abstract concept, i.e. distance in knowledge, wisdom, understanding and perspective to the audience. Sometimes, by denying the apparent similarity between two things or people, the poet emphasizes the inner differences and actually the existence of a distance between them. This work of Hafez can be seen as breaking existing frameworks and creating new frameworks, which is related to Hafez's art of deconstruction. Sometimes, by considering two mutual phenomena, the poet emphasizes the negation of the apparent difference and their oneness in practice and the absence of distance between them. This group of verses can be well analyzed based on the approach of mental spaces in the form of conceptual fusion, because the poet uses two mutual mental spaces,and by creating a combined space of the two, creates a new space that contains elements of the input spaces and also new elements that did not exist in the input spaces and are the result of the combination of two mutual spaces. The space builders in Hafez's poems that convey the concept of distance fall into two general categories: the first category is linguistic units whose main function and role is space creation (elements of time and space, contrast, negation, etc.) The second is not limited to specific linguistic units, but rather literary techniques that the poet uses as a space creator (multiple meanings and opposition).
Research Paper
khadijeh Gholami; Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei
Abstract
Larestan (Irahestan) covers a wide area of the the hinterland and coastalland of the Persian Gulf. These regions had semi-independent rulers from the first centuries of Islam until 1010 AH, who were referred to as the Gorgin Milad and Miladian dynasties. Larestan is important due to its geographical ...
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Larestan (Irahestan) covers a wide area of the the hinterland and coastalland of the Persian Gulf. These regions had semi-independent rulers from the first centuries of Islam until 1010 AH, who were referred to as the Gorgin Milad and Miladian dynasties. Larestan is important due to its geographical location in terms of trade routes that connected the Persian Gulf ports to more northern regions such as Shiraz it is climatically located in the hot and dry region of the southern post-coastal region. Water scarcity is one of the main climatic features of these areas. In this paper, the study of Larestan water systems based on written sources and available evidence from the 5th lunar century to the end of the Qajar period, with the main question of the principles of water systems and changes in water systems in different periods, with the aim of showing how Larestan people adapt to periods. Various were studied. This research has been provided by studying written historical documents and information in geographers' reports by historical research method and based on collection and summarization, along with the available evidence. To cover the weakness of studies in this field. The study of written sources shows that water resources in Larestan have been in the form of well, cattle wells, springs,Cistern and aqueducts. The use of groundwater aquifers, as in most different parts of Iran, has been one of the systems used in these areas, but the predominant system of surface water storage in reservoirs has been because of groundwater aquifers that are not the same in all large areas of Larestan, even in Areas that are rich in aquifers can be depleted by the salinity of water, which is often the case in the plains. In addition, the strengthening of aquifers has been considered, also the water systems in Larestan region has a kind of cultural stagnation in terms of function and shape..
Research Paper
yahya bouzarinejad; Hossein Iranpour
Abstract
During the Safavid era, a branch of scholars left the natural method of ijtihad in jurisprudential derivation of Religious orders and turned to Akhbarism. The Safavid government, in the position of the claimant of Shiism - negatively or positively - was the focus of Shiite scholars; For this reason, ...
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During the Safavid era, a branch of scholars left the natural method of ijtihad in jurisprudential derivation of Religious orders and turned to Akhbarism. The Safavid government, in the position of the claimant of Shiism - negatively or positively - was the focus of Shiite scholars; For this reason, the study of scientific and social movements in this period is important. Examining the views of Mujtahids (Usulis) and Akhbaris leads us to the important point that the source and origin of the type of interactions and actions of each sect is in the way they look at the dignity of leadership for society, which the Usulis consider to belong to the comprehensive Mujtahid and the Shah (King) is required to obtain permission from him, but the Akhbaris have considered this dignity customary and have entrusted it to the people. Akhbaris' perception of the leadership of the society had consequences. This trend in a way fueled appearanceism and this made the progress of Islamic civilization decadent and fueled the autocracy of the Safavid kings. On the other hand, this school and its occurrence in the Safavid era caused the spread of superstitions and heresies in religious beliefs and practices, including religious disputes, the legitimacy of dreams, heresy in religious dates, especially mourning, as well as capturing the beliefs of Shiite saviorism. Attention to the position of intellectual and rational sciences in the Safavid period is also noteworthy, which by excluding it, the social consequences of Akhbarites are doubled. This article, considering the method of documentary analysis, seeks to examine various historical sources and documents in order to make its understanding in accordance with that era and new manifestations of positive and negative and sometimes destructive effects of the news flow on the course of Aryan history. To discover Islam and to depict the consequences that current had at the same time, and while explaining in detail their point of view, it also seeks to express its difference with the principled current..
Research Paper
Hadi Dehghani Yazdeli
Abstract
Semiotics is the knowledge and skill of studying, interpreting, and reinterpreting signs. In this type of study, signs are reread based on the horizon of coexistence and substitution of textual elements and propositions and considering the integrity of the text itself. Re-readings also establish the ...
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Semiotics is the knowledge and skill of studying, interpreting, and reinterpreting signs. In this type of study, signs are reread based on the horizon of coexistence and substitution of textual elements and propositions and considering the integrity of the text itself. Re-readings also establish the process of interpretations and interpretations reveal themselves based on the context, context and audience of the texts. These interpretations are the most essential means for the continuity and permanence of the texts and their hidden ideas in the diverse worlds of human culture and thought and society. Among the semiotic approaches, Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic approach is one of the viewpoints that relies on context, text context, interpretation and reinterpretation of signs. Among the language and thought tools, narratives, especially the story-like type, are considered one of the oldest and most common tools for revealing the meanings and the semantic expression of signs. Since popular narratives carry different cultural and ritual ideas and expressions that are made and discussed in different contexts, contexts and symptoms. This article is based on the mentioned semiotic approach to investigate one of the most basic signs of popular narratives; It means the tree and its various meanings. This research, with a descriptive and analytical-interpretive method, with the aim of revealing the different and common themes and meanings of tree symptoms in the narratives and thoughts of their narrators, explores the function of these symptoms in the structure and superstructure of the narratives. Based on this research and analysis, the tree is one of the natural and influential phenomena in the human mentality that establishes a special sign system in popular narratives that implies various themes. Among these themes are holiness, immortality, taboo and centrism. Such themes, along with their special symptomatic and denotative structure, systematize the world of popular narratives. Although such themes are as old and rooted as human life; But it is still one of the basic needs of the world and modern human life in interaction with nature, society, ethics and spiritual horizons..
Research Paper
khadijeh alemi; ّFatemeh alimohammadd
Abstract
Social history is one of the sciences that examines the changes in people's lives in different historical periods and challenges them. The issue of people's health and, in general, the changes that occurred in medicine during the Qajar period are among the issues that are important in the social history ...
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Social history is one of the sciences that examines the changes in people's lives in different historical periods and challenges them. The issue of people's health and, in general, the changes that occurred in medicine during the Qajar period are among the issues that are important in the social history of this period. With the arrival of foreign tourists to Iran, some of whom were also doctors, health took on a different definition and the people of Iran faced new aspects of medicine, treatment and medicines that were different from their native medicine. During the Qajar period, due to political and social conflicts and problems, public health was not in a good condition. For this reason, the Qajar statesmen (since the chancellery of Amir Kabir) took interesting measures to improve public health. As they sought to use a new structure and model to restore the health status of the society. The arrival of modern ideas from Europe was the main focus of these changes. The Qajar government's dealings with the western civilization brought about a kind of political-social disillusionment, the main result of which was to follow the example of European medical institutions and use macro strategies. For this purpose, the main question of the current research is, what measures and policies did the Qajar government use to improve the public health of the people? This article is done with the method of historical description and analysis and has investigated the claim that the Qajar government used three major strategies to improve the health status of the people, including improving the level of general and specialized knowledge, legislation and establishing medical institutions. Achieving this fact that the Qajar government, through macro strategies, was able to implement measures such as pest control and quarantine at the country level, is one of the achievements of this research. This article can be a good example and achievement for other researches in this field in various aspects of health, including health in different places, types of diseases, causes of diseases and treatment style of doctors.
Research Paper
Ali Shojaee Esfahani
Abstract
Sofeh Mountain is a natural-historic landscape where its value lay on all the natural and cultural components of the landscape. Thus, in order to protect and preserve the landscape, it is necessary to identify, record, and study Sofeh landscape in its entirety. The core components of the landscape consisted ...
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Sofeh Mountain is a natural-historic landscape where its value lay on all the natural and cultural components of the landscape. Thus, in order to protect and preserve the landscape, it is necessary to identify, record, and study Sofeh landscape in its entirety. The core components of the landscape consisted of mainly architectural remains of the Shahdez fortress or the Div fortress on the crest, Takht-e Soleyman Palace on the slopy part and other scattered structures on lower slope and base of the mountain up to the Zayandeh-Rud river side. The archaeological evidence point to the profound knowledge of the lands' inhabitants into the environment and geographical potentials of Isfahan. The present article is an attempt to determine the role and position of the Sofeh landscape in different historical periods by examining written sources and conducting archaeological investigations. The detailed documentation of archaeological evidence and investigating their characteristics not only help us to gain insight into the life history of the landscape but also facilitate determining its natural and historic boundaries and defining the core and buffer zones of the site that was registered as a national heritage list in 2005. The study demonstrates that Sofeh Mountain and its architectural complex is one of the concert achievements of Isfahan's inhabitants where a symbiotic relation between mountains, plains and rivers had been realized. The Sofeh mountain with its strategic location has always maintained its close relation with the city and particularly during the flourishing periods of Isfahan in the Islamic era, it was able to provide security and facilities for the city and the surrounding areas.
Research Paper
Mahmoud Fazilat; diana mahmoud
Abstract
Comparative literature is one of the most important topics in literary research, it can show the mutual influence of literature between different countries. On the other hand, the story and storytelling are the most important elements of literature, and knowing the elements of the story will lead to ...
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Comparative literature is one of the most important topics in literary research, it can show the mutual influence of literature between different countries. On the other hand, the story and storytelling are the most important elements of literature, and knowing the elements of the story will lead to a better understanding of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the differences and commonalities in the style and elements of the story with comparative study in the story elements of the first collection of short stories by two writers from Iran and Syria, "The Quenched Fire [Atash-e Khamoosh]" by Simin Daneshvar and "Maraya al-nas [People's Mirrors]" by Widad Sakakini. The ancient literature in Iran and Syria is connected with the concept of storytelling and anecdote, and both countries simultaneously got familiar with the phenomenon of short story as a contemporary literary type. Storytelling experiences in these two countries began with male writers, but eventually, women writers joined the ranks. In Iran in 1948, Simin Daneshvar published her collection "The Quenched Fire [Atash-e Khamoosh]", which was the first collection of persian short stories written by a woman, gave the hope for the emergence of a female storyteller. In Syria, the pioneer of story writing among women was widad Sakakini, who first published her stories in the weekly story column in some magazines, and then published her first collection of stories, Maraya al-Nas (Mirrors of the People) in 1945/1324. Among the first collection of short stories by women writers in Iran and Syria, there are many commonalities that indicate special story writing in the period of essay writing and report writing, and they have benefited less from the practical techniques of artistic short stories, but they are very important; Because they are among the pioneers of short stories and have made a great impact on story.
Research Paper
Hamidreza Peighambari; Leila Makvandi
Abstract
The Early history of the Persian Gulf is focused on the substantial political and economic role of Mesopotamia and its relations with Dilmun (Bahrain), Magan (Oman) and Meluhha (Indus valley). Therefore, the role of Elamites and the other people from Northern coasts of the Persian Gulf has remained obscure ...
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The Early history of the Persian Gulf is focused on the substantial political and economic role of Mesopotamia and its relations with Dilmun (Bahrain), Magan (Oman) and Meluhha (Indus valley). Therefore, the role of Elamites and the other people from Northern coasts of the Persian Gulf has remained obscure and unclear. One of the unanswered questions is about the maritime activities of these people. The present article is an attempt to answer this question, and in order to determine the role of the “Elamite Confederation” in Persian Gulf trade, it emphasizes on the necessity of revising the common understanding through the use of historical analysis and archaeological data. This research indicates that Mesopotamian sources reflect only a part of the history of “Lower Sea” (Persian Gulf), which mainly refers to their commerce with the southern coasts. But the scattered information about the eastern places in the same sources and the archaeological data based on the analysis of minerals and objects made of semi-precious stones such as lapis lazuli and Chlorite, indicate the importance of those lands. The waterway for exchange of these resources and commodities, which passed through Susa and the coasts of Fars (Anshan), especially Liyan (Bushehr), like the land routes, were influenced by the political rivalries and enmity of Elamites and Mesopotamians, but was very prosperous in periods. Those periods are historically consistent with the Sukkalmah and Shutrukid dynasties, in which Elamite relationship extended to Bahrain and Oman as well. Thus, in spite of strong political and economic relations between Mesopotamia and southern coasts of “Lower Sea”, power dynamics in the region frequently changed in favor of Elamites and with this knowledge, we can now say that the gainful Sea trade has not been in the hands of Mesopotamia, as Mesopotamian sources inculcate
Research Paper
Yaser Mollazaei; Farajollah Ahmadi
Abstract
According to historical and geographical sources, Makran province in southern Iran has a large territory. This region was linked to Sistan in the north, Kerman in the west, the sea in the south, and the Indus River basin in the east. The expansion of the Makran region in the southeast of Iran, its connection ...
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According to historical and geographical sources, Makran province in southern Iran has a large territory. This region was linked to Sistan in the north, Kerman in the west, the sea in the south, and the Indus River basin in the east. The expansion of the Makran region in the southeast of Iran, its connection with the sea, as well as its border location with the eastern and southern neighbors of Iran, provided the basis for the creation and development of numerous cities and settlements in Makran. Communication was important and prestigious, the city of Kech was in the center of this stateAdapting the name of this city in many historical and geographical texts from the 7th century AH to the 12th century AH, especially in the sources of the Safavid era, a place named "Kech and Makran" was formed in the mental geography of historians and geographers. Based on this, how the continuation and transformation of this place name in historical and geographical sources has formed the issue of future research. The repeated reflection of the place name "Kech and Makran" in the historical and geographical sources of the 7th to 12th century AH, especially the sources of the Safavid era, raises the question of what geographical area the place name "Kech and Makran" is applied to and how its semantic load is in the historical sources and Geographical continuity and evolution? The following article is organized by the method of describing historical and geographical data and then analyzing them through matching and comparing the data available in historical texts, especially manuscripts, geographical texts, historical maps, travelogues, as well as some examples of interviews with local experts. The result of this article shows that the political and communication importance of the city of Kech in the early to middle Islamic centuries provided the context for the first time in the official reports of the historical and geographical sources of the 7th and 8th centuries A.H. to establish a link between its name and the name of Makran And the name "Kech and Makran" should be mentioned as another name of Makran state. Adapted from these official reports, the use of the place name "Kech and Makran" as another name of the Makran state was not only continued in the sources of the following centuries, but in the Safavid era, along with this continuity, there was also a change in it, based on which, This place was also known as another name of Kech city..
Research Paper
Mahdi OlyaeiMoghaddam
Abstract
The Secret of Midnight, consisting of 16 poems, is the first collection of poetry that Mohammad-e Moghaddam published in short-term period of his career as poet. With respect to lineation and ending the line, the collection is significant experience in Persian free verse history. Being strongly ...
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The Secret of Midnight, consisting of 16 poems, is the first collection of poetry that Mohammad-e Moghaddam published in short-term period of his career as poet. With respect to lineation and ending the line, the collection is significant experience in Persian free verse history. Being strongly influenced by English modernist poets in the early decades of twentieth century, Moghaddam experienced some types of lineation in his poems which was without precedent in Persian poetry. All of the efforts to make lineation in poetry before him mostly was restricted to the traditional methods, but his venture in the collection introduced new way to the next generations of free verse poets. Making lines with applying different kinds of meters entailed some of Moghaddam's poems involving diversity of meters at the same poem and this method was kept by other free verse poets among some of the following modernist poets as creative technique. The manner of ending the line in some Moghaddam's poems according to Nima Yushidj, before publishing Nima's works is the unknown aspect of The Secret of Midnight. .
Research Paper
Mohammad hasan Jalalian Chaleshtari
Abstract
Middle Persian texts, including inscriptions, Manichaean, psalm, and Pahlavi texts, still contain many unread or misread words. Due to the many problems of the Pahlavi script, among all the Middle Persian texts, there are more ambiguities in reading and more multiplicity and variety of translations of ...
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Middle Persian texts, including inscriptions, Manichaean, psalm, and Pahlavi texts, still contain many unread or misread words. Due to the many problems of the Pahlavi script, among all the Middle Persian texts, there are more ambiguities in reading and more multiplicity and variety of translations of the Zoroastrian or Pahlavi texts. In this article, one word of Zand of Vandidad and Šāyast-nē-šāyast and three words of Bundahišn have been read and a new reading has been suggested for each of them. The solution of reading these words and similar words in Pahlavi texts, in addition to using textual evidence and linguistic issues, is to review their written form in the manuscripts and to consider various possibilities of their transliteration. Attempts have been made to make each reading in maximum conformity with the written form in the manuscripts, and in case of correction of the word and deviation from the manuscript recording, sufficient reasons whould be provided to justify the proposed reading.
