Click subject name to see related articles.
shirzad ehsan khah; monireh kazemi arshad; hassan Zandiyehh; manijeh sadri
Abstract
During the Qajar period, due to the emergence and expansion of capitalism and the globalization of the economy, the country's border gates were opened to other countries. In the meantime, Kermanshah, as one of the most important border routes in the country, had a significant share. And in confrontation ...
Read More
During the Qajar period, due to the emergence and expansion of capitalism and the globalization of the economy, the country's border gates were opened to other countries. In the meantime, Kermanshah, as one of the most important border routes in the country, had a significant share. And in confrontation and interaction with the Ottoman government and through it, in contact with other European countries. The arrival of representatives of foreign countries (merchants, Orientalists, religious missionaries, etc.), the establishment of offices such as the Telegraph, the bank, the consulate, etc. The import of Western goods (British fabrics, Turkish tobacco, Danish beers, etc.) led to Manifestations of Western culture are prevalent in this state. The new urban structure and architecture, the grounds for further expansion of Shiism, the introduction of antiquities at the world level, etc. were other cultural consequences of these relations. This research has been done based on travelogues, memoirs, documents, and other sources in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural developments in Kermanshah province in relation to foreign relations in one of the most important periods of Iranian history. Findings show that Iran's foreign relations with European and Ottoman countries, caused other cultural developments such as health promotion, the establishment of schools with new educational content, the formation of the Kermanshah dialect and
Click subject name to see related articles.
Esmail Sharahi; Maryam mohammadi; Majid Montaze Zohouri
Abstract
Aghlabids(184-296 AH) was the first semi-independent government during the Abbasid caliphate in the Islamic Maghreb that with conquering parts of North Africa and southern Italy, especially Sicily and Palermo was able to Mint coins independently in your sphere of influence. Discovery of Aghlabid coins ...
Read More
Aghlabids(184-296 AH) was the first semi-independent government during the Abbasid caliphate in the Islamic Maghreb that with conquering parts of North Africa and southern Italy, especially Sicily and Palermo was able to Mint coins independently in your sphere of influence. Discovery of Aghlabid coins with Abbasi coins in two areas of Astaneh Shazand in Markazi province, which is located in the city of Karaj Abu Dolaf(2008 and 2010) And the ancient site of Tel Yavne near Tel Aviv, which were two areas outside the influence of the majority, Indicates political influence or trade relations with Iran and the Mediterranean fringe governments in the third century AH. How the discovery of these coins, far from the political borders of the majority, explains the political or commercial relations of this government is the main question. Our assumption is that these coins identify the friendly political relations of this government that underlie its trade relations with other governments. In this research, using library resources and archaeological studies Attempted has been made to determine and explain the manner and extent of political and trade relations of Aghlabid government with other contemporary governments.
Bahman Firoozmandi; Ali Bahadori
Volume 1, Issue 1 , December 2011, , Pages 23-41
Abstract
On the one hand, the vacant position of study about impact of Achaemenid Empire on eastern states is due to silence by classic authors in dealing with these lands; and on the other hand, it is reffered to shortage of archeological artifacts relating to Achaemenids at the given region. In the present ...
Read More
On the one hand, the vacant position of study about impact of Achaemenid Empire on eastern states is due to silence by classic authors in dealing with these lands; and on the other hand, it is reffered to shortage of archeological artifacts relating to Achaemenids at the given region. In the present essay, by the aid of reminiscent works and economic and administrative evidences obtained from emperial centers such as royal epigraphs, memorial embossed reliefs and official documents as well as archaeological artifacts, it has been tried to reconstruct position of eastern states in achaemenids’ imperial, official, political and economic system. A list of affiliate lands in imperial reliefs may reflect position of any state in imperial administrative system. After reference to imperial centers in most of state lists, these are eastern states that mentioned; it may be a sign for their status in imperial administrative system. Such attitude was also reflected in memorial embossed reliefs. In and embossed relief, carriers of imperial flag that inscribed on tombs of Achaemenid kings, agents from eastern states have been represented after representatives from imperial centers and even in some embossed reliefs, agents of eastern states were displayed as armed people. Since the representatives from other states lacked such a privilege so this might signify their status in imperial political system. In clay epigraphs from Takht-E-Jamshid, we witness a constant and interrelated connection between imperial centers and eastern states while such realtion might be faded away highly regarding western states. The constant relationship between eastern states with given centers and thus with other imperial points has definitely a dramatic impact on thriving and prosperity of economy and commerce as well as life progress for the people in these areas.
Ali Shojaee Esfahani
Abstract
On the outskirts of the old fortification of Isfahan, the Chahār-bāgh avenue was built during the expansion of the city in the reign of Šāh ʻAbbās I. At the starting point of Chahār-bāgh, the Jahān-namā palace was built by his command as well, which was the entrance monument of the Dowlat-xāneh. ...
Read More
On the outskirts of the old fortification of Isfahan, the Chahār-bāgh avenue was built during the expansion of the city in the reign of Šāh ʻAbbās I. At the starting point of Chahār-bāgh, the Jahān-namā palace was built by his command as well, which was the entrance monument of the Dowlat-xāneh. Chahār-bāgh and Jahān-namā, like many other monuments of Isfahan, were destroyed after Safavids' collapse, particularly during the reign of Ẓel al-Solṭān, the Qajar governor of Isfahan. In some travel books of European travelers in Safavid era, and the textual and visual sources of Qajar, this district of Isfahan is mentioned and illustrated. The remaining visual sources of Safavid and Qajar era, and the documents of Dowlat-xāneh district in Pahlavi period, give us keys to find the location of the palace, and shed light on some of the architectural aspects of the complex that cannot be deciphered from textual sources. The present article is an attempt to a concurrent analysis of textual and visual sources. The extracted data helped in the development of the archaeological project of the Jahān-namā palace, and the northern and southern parts of the palace, which belong to the periods before Safavids, and after them.
Rasoul Jafarian; Maryam Kamali
Abstract
The geographical scope of a dynasty and the selection of a capital as the center of its power can be considered as the essential factors in the establishment of a regime and its continuity; this matter seems to be neglected in the political structure of Khwarazmshahi dynasty (598-628/1202-1231). The ...
Read More
The geographical scope of a dynasty and the selection of a capital as the center of its power can be considered as the essential factors in the establishment of a regime and its continuity; this matter seems to be neglected in the political structure of Khwarazmshahi dynasty (598-628/1202-1231). The Khwarazmshahi which were supposed to change into one of the greatest medieval dynasties led the course of political changes in a different direction. After having conquered the Saljuq dynasty, the Khwarazmshahi chose a centralized political structure. But the selection of Khwarazm as the only center of power and the lack of continuous connection with their vast territory caused the fast decline of Khwarazmshahi power. On the basis of original resources, this article explores the relationship between the geographical scope of a dynasty and its political structure. Moreover, this paper examines the causes of Khwrazmshahi’s decline with regards to its political structure and the selection of Khwarazm as the capital.
Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei
Abstract
Nazok Kari, One of the Woodwork art, is of arts that functional and artistic instruments has made from well paint woods by Eleganceand precision.The evidences and documents indicated that OrosiSazi (sash making art) and, Consequently, the Nazok Kariwas expanded in Sanandaj city from Safavidperiod. Due ...
Read More
Nazok Kari, One of the Woodwork art, is of arts that functional and artistic instruments has made from well paint woods by Eleganceand precision.The evidences and documents indicated that OrosiSazi (sash making art) and, Consequently, the Nazok Kariwas expanded in Sanandaj city from Safavidperiod. Due to reasons such as lack of professional Craftsmen and high cost, thesash making art (OrsiSazi) activities don’t have thrivednow; But the Nazok Kari is still flourishing. While Nazok Kari works of Safavid period is not found in Sanandaj yet, but those of Qajar Period is remained The questions related on this subject can be asked in this way. The first that arises is the peak of Nazokkari art was during the Qajar? The investigations show that the peak of flourishing of it was at the middle of Qajar period and on wards. The second question, how much the Sanandaj artists were able to reach to a unique style in the field of Nazok Kari art? It seems that the artist in the field of Nazokkari in Sanandaj started their work according to their style and way of wooden art throughout whole Iran, but given to climate, time passing and demands, gradually the special way was found. The aim of this research is to analysis the wooden art and the sort of artist work in this field from Qajar time until now. The resources of this research are based on the field activities and library studies. Therefore, the research method is explanative-analytical. It seems that the suitable ground for growth and development on the one hand and artist’s attempts on the other hand, is caused stability and improvement on this art. This paper is about the history of wooden arts, the methods of wood supply and extraction of walnut roots, Nazokkari art, the tools of Nazok Kariart, different steps of coloring with polish and alcoholand NazokKar’sartists.
Saeed Mohammad Mansour Tabatabaei Behbahani; Hamed Asadi
Abstract
Sheikh Shihâb Al-Din, Abu Abdullâh, and Fadhl-allâh Turan-Poshti is one ofthe Muhaddithes andFaqihs in the 7th A.H.He is from Turan-Poshtwhich is one of thevillages located in Yazd. There is not sufficient information of his earlylifetime. He used to live in Shiraz under FarsAtabegs` ...
Read More
Sheikh Shihâb Al-Din, Abu Abdullâh, and Fadhl-allâh Turan-Poshti is one ofthe Muhaddithes andFaqihs in the 7th A.H.He is from Turan-Poshtwhich is one of thevillages located in Yazd. There is not sufficient information of his earlylifetime. He used to live in Shiraz under FarsAtabegs` protectionand was later on requested by TarkanKhatunto commence teaching atTarkani School in Kerman. In this article we aimat clarifying different periods of his life,education, his relationship to authority and his belief tendencies based onPersian and Arabic sources and finally we have done a survey in his works andhis remaining manuscripts.
Hossen Badamchi
Abstract
There are rare references to professional training in Mesopotamian sources mainly because this used to be done in the family, from father to son. Nevertheless, there are some 35 apprenticeship contracts from the Neo-Babylonian period which open a unique window to the social, legal and economic aspects ...
Read More
There are rare references to professional training in Mesopotamian sources mainly because this used to be done in the family, from father to son. Nevertheless, there are some 35 apprenticeship contracts from the Neo-Babylonian period which open a unique window to the social, legal and economic aspects of professional training. The present article edits and translates 3 such apprenticeship contracts from the Achaemenid period and studies the form and content of these contracts. The documents demonstrate economic specialization among the Babylonian craftsmen and the role of private sector within the society.
Houshang Khosrowbeygi; Elaheh Mahboub
Abstract
Abstract: One of the instruments of dīwān al-estīfā' (the department in charge of fiscal administration) for accounting and registration of expenses and revenues of the state was fiscal registers. A subtype of this was daftar-e tawjīhāt, in which the current expenditures of the state were accounted ...
Read More
Abstract: One of the instruments of dīwān al-estīfā' (the department in charge of fiscal administration) for accounting and registration of expenses and revenues of the state was fiscal registers. A subtype of this was daftar-e tawjīhāt, in which the current expenditures of the state were accounted for. This article aims to analyze the structure and components of daftar-e tawjīhāt, as well as methods and rules of registration in it in Safavid era. In this register the expenditure data was recorded in two separate parts of tawjīhāt (current expenses) and moqarrarāt (salaries and wages). Drafts and fiscal commands were registered in each part separately, as well as the place of payment. The whole data was checked and corrected by the head of the fiscal system to avoid probable errors. Our statistical population was the manuscripts and archives related to estīfa, as well as documents of administrative organization of Astan Quds Razavi.
Daryush Rahmanian; Afsaneh Rowshan
Abstract
One of the fundamental issues raised in the Qajar periodicals, including Akhtar newspaper, is the problem of the decline in Iran and the Muslim world and its solution. The question of this article is: what were the discourse methods used by the writers of Akhtar to represent their ideologies about the ...
Read More
One of the fundamental issues raised in the Qajar periodicals, including Akhtar newspaper, is the problem of the decline in Iran and the Muslim world and its solution. The question of this article is: what were the discourse methods used by the writers of Akhtar to represent their ideologies about the causes of Iran's backwardness and the ways of escaping from it, specifically in the first two years of its publication? According to the findings of this research, the basic discourse of Akhtar is about the human, the Islamic theology’s redefinition of the concept of humanity, and man’s mission in creation. The man represented in the Akhtar discourse is obligated to prevent human beings from decline by understanding the supreme cause of creation and life as a historical responsibility. Human beings are identified and recognized in a dichotomy between the real and the wild. Despite the theological genealogy for this definition of human in Akhter, the characteristics of the genuine man are the same features of the Western man. Akhtar invites human, as the superior to all the creatures, to defend his dignity through individual and social activism, and achieve progress, which is also a Western pattern. In this discourse, Akhtar introduces a new dimension to servitude, which is the gratitude of the genuine man in the practical dimension. This can be considered as an attempt to escape decline and backwardness with the pattern of the Western human.
Muhammad (Mansour) Tabatabaie Behbahani
Abstract
The Kalāntarān Dynasty of Behbahan and Kohgiluye, known as “Mirzayan-e Tabatabaie” was one of Fars' local governments which ruled for seven centuries and had great roles in outstanding historical events of the region, although our information about this dynasty includes the period of the ...
Read More
The Kalāntarān Dynasty of Behbahan and Kohgiluye, known as “Mirzayan-e Tabatabaie” was one of Fars' local governments which ruled for seven centuries and had great roles in outstanding historical events of the region, although our information about this dynasty includes the period of the late Safavids up to the late Qajars. However, researchers have not yet researched effectively on this historical matter and the chronology of the dynasty is not clear. Some historical events which occurred in the period of one ruler have repeatedly related to another one from different family. Even the famous historian such as Mirza Hassan Fasaie cannot be considered as an exception. In the present essay, the author tries to propound a brief report of the dynasty’s rulers and important events on this period. He is going to arrange the pieces of this historical puzzle chronologically.
Pedram Jam
Abstract
This paper studies two ancient seasonal festivals which were celebrated on summer and winter solstices. Because of misconceptions regarding Sasanian calendar, these two festivals, known as Ābrīzgān and Āḍarjašn, have remained unnoticed in modern researches. A sound interpretation of the ...
Read More
This paper studies two ancient seasonal festivals which were celebrated on summer and winter solstices. Because of misconceptions regarding Sasanian calendar, these two festivals, known as Ābrīzgān and Āḍarjašn, have remained unnoticed in modern researches. A sound interpretation of the Old Iranian calendar as described by Biruni would uncover the true character of these festivals. This paper demonstrates that these two old festivals, probably like a few other seasonal festivals, go back to very old times, and the custom of celebrating these festivals predates the time of month-naming in Old Iranian calendar. Customs associated with these two festivals in Sasanian Era and the mechanism for celebrating these seasonal festivals in vague year of the Sasanian calendar are also studied here. According to this research, these two festivals have been main reasons behind the naming of the first month of summer and the last month of autumn in Old Iranian calendar. This paper explains the reasons for creation of both non-seasonal alternatives of these two festivals and the festivals which were celebrated with the coincidence of the names of the day and the month. Later developments in these two festivals after the fall of Sasanian dynasty, both before and after the introduction of Jalali calendar in 11th century is the last of object the paper.
Mohammad hasan Jalalian Chaleshtari
Abstract
There are some verbs in the early Persian texts in which instead of the normal verb endings, the enclitic personal pronouns are attached to the past stem; therefore they have been termed as ‘pronoun-constructed’ verbs by researchers of Persian grammar. The main usage of these verbs are optative ...
Read More
There are some verbs in the early Persian texts in which instead of the normal verb endings, the enclitic personal pronouns are attached to the past stem; therefore they have been termed as ‘pronoun-constructed’ verbs by researchers of Persian grammar. The main usage of these verbs are optative or conditional and there are reliable evidence of 2nd person singular and plural and also 1st person plural. Although some suspicious evidence is available from other persons, one cannot be sure of their accuracy and relevance to these verbs. The only accepted explanation on the antecedent of these verbs is G. Lazard’s view that the existence of the pronoun in these constructions is related to some of the ergative verbs in Middle Persian in which instead of a pronoun preceding the past stem, the enclitic pronoun is attached to it. In this paper first the weakness of this view will be shown and then it is proposed that the enclitic pronoun has been attached through a reanalysis of the of the first person singular verbal ending as the first person enclitic pronoun. Such a reanalysis has also examples in Sogdian.
Shojaʽ Tafakkori Rezayi; Abbas Omidi
Abstract
This study explores the person/number suffixes in Laki in a descriptive-analytic method. Having a broad distribution, these suffixes can attach to subject and object NPs, prepositions, and verbs. By considering the uniform syntactic behavior of subjects of transitive and intransitive predicates and it’s ...
Read More
This study explores the person/number suffixes in Laki in a descriptive-analytic method. Having a broad distribution, these suffixes can attach to subject and object NPs, prepositions, and verbs. By considering the uniform syntactic behavior of subjects of transitive and intransitive predicates and it’s contrast with the behavior of objects of transitive predicates, the authors show that these suffixes are not ergative markers. The presence of these suffixes on prepositions as well as verbs, priority of verbal stem and not necessarily the first constituent of VP for hosting these endings and the agreement relation between these suffixes and direct objects evidences that viewing these suffixes as subject agreement markers is not on the right track. Finally, using evidenc like the uniformity of distribution of these suffixes with NPs and dependent personal pronouns, together with historical evidenc regarding the origination of verbal suffixes from pronouns, the authors argue that these suffixes are pronoun and are not fully converted into verbal agreement markers yet.
iraj rezaie
Abstract
The city of Sarpol-e Zahab, based on the historical texts and its numerous and famous ancient monuments, has a long history. The existence of the two important rock reliefs, Annubanini, and Iddi(n)-Sîn on a rock at the center of the city, indicates that the place was under the control of the Zagros ...
Read More
The city of Sarpol-e Zahab, based on the historical texts and its numerous and famous ancient monuments, has a long history. The existence of the two important rock reliefs, Annubanini, and Iddi(n)-Sîn on a rock at the center of the city, indicates that the place was under the control of the Zagros tribes of Lullubi and Simurrum during the late 3rd and early 2nd millenniums BC. Since then, during the Median, Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid, and the Islamic periods, the city has maintained its importance and has repeatedly experienced interval periods of flourish, and decay. This paper discusses the ancient settlements located in Sarpol-e Zahab, some historical features of this region, and the evolution of the toponyms related to it. It can be concluded that from the beginning of the second millennium BC to the Islamic era, the name of the mentioned location has appeared in Akkadian, Greek, Arabic, and Persian texts in various recordings, yet close to one another (Khalmān,Almān, Armān, Halmān, Khalā and Halvān). Also, the analysis of the texts and some names related to the old city shows that in the past, as well as the present, the city has held a significant ethnic-religious diversity.
Yahya Bouzari Nezhad
Abstract
Mulla Sadra, as the founder of the Transcendental Philosophy, has special viewpoints on society. Unlike those who believe that Mulla Sadra ignored society and paid his mere attention to the spiritual issues, he cared about the social situation of his time and proposed certain pathological guidelines ...
Read More
Mulla Sadra, as the founder of the Transcendental Philosophy, has special viewpoints on society. Unlike those who believe that Mulla Sadra ignored society and paid his mere attention to the spiritual issues, he cared about the social situation of his time and proposed certain pathological guidelines to reform the society. In his opinion, the real problem was that those who truly deserved to rule were not on the throne. He believes in government as the right of someone who has intimate the science of religion’s manifestation and latency, so if one lacks one of these aspects cannot be a leader. According to Mulla Sadra, the real master of the society is the Prophet, and after him, the Imams and the Muslim scholars (mujtahids) deserve to rule. Since Mulla Sadra thought the acquisition of knowledge as the main goal of the society, he tried to explain the religious teachings by reasoning and arguments. In this way, he opposed to those who merely concentrated on either manifestation or latency of the religion. Therefore, it should be said that since Mulla Sadra had intended to correct the popular knowledge of the time, he was indeed a social thinker.
Hamidreza Peighambari
Abstract
The historical studies of the turbulent and obscure period of the Macedonian rule in Iran are mainly focused on regions such as Persis and Parthia. The role of other areas including Media has remained neglected in these studies, while the land of Media had always been one of the significant parts of ...
Read More
The historical studies of the turbulent and obscure period of the Macedonian rule in Iran are mainly focused on regions such as Persis and Parthia. The role of other areas including Media has remained neglected in these studies, while the land of Media had always been one of the significant parts of the ancient Iranian kingdoms. This paper attempts to answer the question of what role the Greater Media played in the course of events in the aforementioned period. The study of historical sources, archaeological evidence, and analysis of the high economic and geographical potentials of Media reveal the continuation of the administrative significance of this land during the reign of Alexander and his successors in Iran. Although the Lesser Media (Azerbaijan) soon became an independent state, the Greater Media remained an important region for the Macedonians, and Ecbatana became the capital of the upper Satraps. Nevertheless, major events such as the uprising for independence led by the Baruaxes the Medes and major rebellions by Macedonian Satraps occurred in Ecbatana during this period. This city ultimately performed an important role in collaboration with the Parthians to terminate the Seleucid domination in Iran. Therefore, the common perception of the progression of independence in Iran during this period should be reconsidered.
Mehdi Razani; Mohammadamin Emami; Alireza Baghbanan
Abstract
The main aims of this study is the characterization, introduce and typology survey the Rocky Architecture in Skirts of Sahand Volcano from the East Azerbaijan province NW Iran. For this purpose, according to fieldwork investigation and documentary Studies include: to describe the current situation for ...
Read More
The main aims of this study is the characterization, introduce and typology survey the Rocky Architecture in Skirts of Sahand Volcano from the East Azerbaijan province NW Iran. For this purpose, according to fieldwork investigation and documentary Studies include: to describe the current situation for recognizing interaction of rocky architecture in the skirts of Sahand volcano. The results of the survey were recorded and collect the data from 113 rocky architectures around the Sahand Mountain on the border of the townships of East Azerbaijan province include: Tabriz, Azarshahr, Ajabshir, Bonab, Hashtrod, and Bostonabad. According to the existing archeological theory, Sahand rocky architectures were residential from the first millennium BC till now; and in the morphological point of view, it is separable from surface architecture, underground architecture and combination type of the two previous species. In general, the obtained results demonstrate that Sahand rocky architectures can divided to five categories from application typology include: 1) residential and settlement architectures, 2), Public architectures, 3) Religious and ritual architecture 4) Military architecture and 5) Other applications, Nowadays, such reasons like changing the life styles and decay process cause of poor living conditions, ruination, and seasonal residence or reusing in most rocky architectures in this area have been.
Mahmoud Jaafari Dehaghi; leila varahram
Abstract
Comparative study of Indo-European poetry has been popular among Indo-Europeanists since the nineteenth century. This field, the main subject of which is the reconstruction of ancient literary texts, poetic texts, and the “Indo-European poetic language,” has been under the influence of modern literary ...
Read More
Comparative study of Indo-European poetry has been popular among Indo-Europeanists since the nineteenth century. This field, the main subject of which is the reconstruction of ancient literary texts, poetic texts, and the “Indo-European poetic language,” has been under the influence of modern literary theory, especially formalism. According to the formalistic definition, the main characteristic of a poetic text is the “poetic diction” rather than its composition in metrical form. Moreover, the antithesis of a poetic speech is an ordinary text or idiomatic speech rather than prose. Indo-Europeanists argue that there is not a clear difference between poetry and prose in illiterate societies. However, for the early Avestan scholars, like Karl Friedrich Geldner, Avestan poetic texts are identical with Avestan metrical texts. In this paper, it is demonstrated that neither the meter nor the deviance in the ordinary speech is an appropriate criterion to distinguish poetic texts from non-poetic ones in the Younger Avesta, but the best criterion is comparing the poetic devices and the common poetic-text features in the Indo-European cognate languages.
Mehraban Pouladi; Mohsen Abolghasemi
Abstract
In the present study, after introducing the Zoroastrian neighborhood as the most important cultural center of the Zoroastrians in Iran, some of the documents kept in the Yazd Museum of Documents and Manuscripts (Pooladi’s Collection) are examined. The Zoroastrian neighborhood is one of the most ...
Read More
In the present study, after introducing the Zoroastrian neighborhood as the most important cultural center of the Zoroastrians in Iran, some of the documents kept in the Yazd Museum of Documents and Manuscripts (Pooladi’s Collection) are examined. The Zoroastrian neighborhood is one of the most important historical neighborhoods in Yazd. It is considered as the most important archive of the Zoroastrian manuscripts and documents in Iran. During the recent years, many documents and Avestan manuscripts were discovered in the neighborhood. One of such discoveries is the discovery of Poolad’s Collection in 2016 in the house of Arbab Mehraban Poolad. This collection contains a number of Avestan manuscripts as well as thousands of commercial, religious and personal letters, and documents and contracts from 1832-1936. The date of some of these documents goes back to the time of Poolad Tirandaz, Mehraban’s father. These documents were all kept in the basement of Mehraban’s house away from the sight of the inhabitants and were discovered accidentally by Mehraban’s grandson who is named after him. The importance and value of these documents were determined after a careful and scientific investigation done by some university professors, and efforts were made to exhibit these documents in the Museum of Documents and Manuscripts. This collection includes some Avestan manuscripts. The oldest dated Avestan manuscript in this collection is from 1645 AD. This collection also includes thousands of letters and documents most of which are legal contracts, business letters, settlements of disputes, family letters, and the letters related to the social issues. The content of these documents can clearly show the important and positive role of the Zoroastrians in the commercial, political, and economic affairs of Qajar and Pahlavi dynasties. Arbab Mehraban Poolad is one of such influential people in the Zoroastrian community who, in addition to his vast commercial activities in different cities such as Yazd, Shiraz, Ahwaz and Borujerd, and other countries like India, England and Iraq, had an influential role in the Zoroastrian community such as the membership of Naseri Council, and the foundation of Zoroastrian Waqfi Garden in Shiraz.
Fateme Zeynaliegolnabadi; Narges Zaker Jafari
Abstract
Manifestation ...
Read More
Manifestation of spring messengers is a special matter among the New Year signs of Iranian culture.It has been years “Haji-Firouz” is known as a messenger of spring in cities especially in Tehran city. The purpose of this research is investigating of Haji-Firouz character and an archetypal approach of him reference to the Jung’s psychological theories. Psychology is one of the sciences that has a multilateral connection with rituals and myths. Archetypes are one of the important subjects among Jung’s psychoanalytic and personality psychology. Although these elements are located in the collective unconscious of man, they show signs in the conscious mind that cause the type of archetype to be recognized, and this recognition has made it possible for mankind to understand the symbols and mysteries of the mind and nature.In this research, concentrating on Nowruz ritual and considring Haji Firooz characteristics features ,symbols and signs, the attempt is to explore his nature compared to Jung's archetypal and collective unconscious relationships point of view so that the hidden mysteries in this character have been known more clearly. The questions this study is trying to answer are: What has been the reason of the continuation of Haji Firooz existence till now? To what extent the character of Haji Firooz overlaps the framework of archetypes which are the bridge between science and myth?According to the result of this research, we can look for "self" archetype as the most adjustment of Haji-Firouz and Jung archetypes. Properties such as iteration, correlation of mandala geometric symbol with tambourine, Snake’s bestial symbol and eternity and its connection with Haji-Firouz hat are mediatative in this case as well as the feature of opposites sum and mutual confrontation. Also presences of Haji-Firouz features in “Anima”, “Shadow” and “Mask” archetypes are traceable too. This study shows Haji-Firouz can be consider and placed in the scientific myth framework that is why in spite of deep cultural and political evolutions through the history it has lived in collective Iranian subconscious and its presence has been continued in Iranian objective cultural world. This investigation has been performed based on collecting information which was carried out with a analytical-descriptive method.
Click subject name to see related articles.
Parisima Mashayekhi; Farah Zahedi
Abstract
Bandesh (consisting of two parts, bun meaning beginning and beginning, and dahišn, equivalent to the word dahesh in Persian, means creation, and in general it means beginning creation) is one of the surviving books in the middle Persian Zoroastrian language, the contents of which are only related ...
Read More
Bandesh (consisting of two parts, bun meaning beginning and beginning, and dahišn, equivalent to the word dahesh in Persian, means creation, and in general it means beginning creation) is one of the surviving books in the middle Persian Zoroastrian language, the contents of which are only related to the issue. Creation is not limited, and much of it is about the end of the world. In this book, a long section is devoted to plants, which is probably based on studies of the Sassanid period. In this article, plants are divided into sixteen sections, and this section is based on the uses that reach them to humans. Of course, we see in the text of the seventeen divisions that the firewood case includes the wood of all plants. In the study section, the names of vegetables and fruits are classified into several groups: some are called tar, some are called oil, some are called colored, and some are called fragrant. It also divides plants into two parts, which include two parts and one part. These are: fruits that may be eaten inside and outside, those that may be eaten outside, may be eaten inside; Those who may eat the inside, may eat the outside. The identification of some of these names is ambiguous and different researchers do not agree on reading them. In order to understand the correct and incorrect reading of these words, all the manuscripts left by him should be examined and the reason for using that particular word should be considered in order to provide a correct translation of it. In the present article, an attempt has been made to review and revise some of these words by comparing them with different manuscripts and comparing them with some other texts that contain botanical information, especially Persian pharmaceutical and scientific books, and to offer new suggestions for reading these words.
Click subject name to see related articles.
Hamid Khanian
Abstract
An effective and useful communication requires an expression that has a proper structure so that it does not threaten the dignity of the participants, and the strategies of Politeness in verbal exchanges are to establish a useful and effective communication by preserving the image of the participants ...
Read More
An effective and useful communication requires an expression that has a proper structure so that it does not threaten the dignity of the participants, and the strategies of Politeness in verbal exchanges are to establish a useful and effective communication by preserving the image of the participants and not threatening the reputation of the speaker and audience; However, contrary to the usual global practice in which the process of democratization of relations, reduction and elimination of differences between the level of participants and the tendency to equality and level, has prevailed, in our society today, it is observed that in some verbal interactions; Consciously or unconsciously, polite expressions, terms and words have been used too much of necessity and necessity, which in addition to violating Grace's "principle of quantity" and threatening the speaker's face, this assumption can also be considered probable. Which is for the purpose of flattery. However, for any purpose, the structure is inappropriate and speakers need to be both aware and have the right verbal communication skills to speak correctly, consciously and artistically in their verbal interactions and their speech has a structural balance, for this purpose in this article In addition to citing the results of the findings of other researchers in this field, in order to achieve a suitable and preferred structure, the conversations of the book "Tales of Amir Ali 1" which has 28 parts and 30 stories modern have been studied and while finding several related examples, and mentioning some One of them in a suitable place in the text of this article, based on the theory of Brown and Levinson Politeness and its , faces and indicators and capacities of pronouns, verbs and broad terms of Persian language and review and analysis of all data in a descriptive-analytical method for this question. What is the structure of polite and flattering expressions in verbal exchanges? And other possible questions related to the position have been answered appropriately and new tricks have been proposed that are unprecedented. That is, it is an innovative and new solution.
Click subject name to see related articles.
Farzaneh Saniei; Ehsan Ghabool
Abstract
This paper aims to study the image of Iranian women in the Safavid era within the work of French priest Raphael Du Mans entitled the Status of Iran in 1660 . This book is one of the first works written in French about Safavid Iran and its author is unique among European tourists who traveled to Iran ...
Read More
This paper aims to study the image of Iranian women in the Safavid era within the work of French priest Raphael Du Mans entitled the Status of Iran in 1660 . This book is one of the first works written in French about Safavid Iran and its author is unique among European tourists who traveled to Iran due to the length of his stay in Iran (more than half a century) and is also more famous than many other French tourists like Jean Chardin or Jean-Baptiste Tavernier. The present research seeks to first thematically classify the descriptions that Du Mans presents of Iranian women, based on the knowledge and method of imagology and then analyze his evaluative attitude towards Iranian women in each of these themes. Then, the reasons for this attitude are investigated based on intra-textual and extra -textual components. For this purpose the images of women within his book are extracted and classified. These images include women of religious minorities, the position of women inside and outside the house, dancing women, issues related to women's marriage and divorce, and polygamy. Then, by referring to historical resources and also checking the intratextual signs based on imagology the positive or negative evaluation of the images and the context of their formation are analyzed and identified. The result of the research is that most of the images that Du Mans presents of Iranian women have a negative connotation; the reason for which can be found in the purpose of his trip his European sense of superiority and also his ideas about women as a Catholic priest. Most of the images presented in Raphael Du Mans 's book can be considered direct images, because the author has lived in Iran for many years and has made numerous observations
Click subject name to see related articles.
Hosein Ali Rahimi
Abstract
Jami is a famous poet and mystic of the ninth century AH. His most important works are Haft Aurang, which includes the seven Mathnavi: Selselatozzahab, Salaman and Absal, Tohfatol-Ahrar, Sobhatol-Abrar, Yusuf and Zuleykha, Lily and Majnoon, and the Xeradname Eskandari. Selselatozzahab is the first Mathnavi ...
Read More
Jami is a famous poet and mystic of the ninth century AH. His most important works are Haft Aurang, which includes the seven Mathnavi: Selselatozzahab, Salaman and Absal, Tohfatol-Ahrar, Sobhatol-Abrar, Yusuf and Zuleykha, Lily and Majnoon, and the Xeradname Eskandari. Selselatozzahab is the first Mathnavi of this book. Jami has composed this Mathnavi in three books in the style of Hadiqah, Al-Haqiqah Sanai and Jām-e Jam Ouhadi. Selselatozzahab has been published several times both in Iran and abroad. Among them, two editions of Morteza Modarres Gilani and the Miras Maktoob Institute are more available than others and are the place of reference for researchers. In these two editions, despite the commendable efforts of the proofreaders and their use of the various editions of Haft Orang, unfortunately, these two editions are not reliable editions, and there are many mistakes in these editions. Both prints have problems recognizing and recording the correct form of the text. In this article, the recording of a number of verses has been reviewed and corrected. The text, verses number and page have been presented based on the correction of the Miras Maktoob Institute and have been compared with other sources. These sources include the publication of Morteza Modarres Gilani, an article by Hadi Khadivar, and several oldest manuscripts of the Selselatozzahab. Although some errors have been pointed out from both the printing of Modarres Gilani and the Selselatozzahab, but in the main part of the article, verses were selected that are incorrect both in the printing of Modarres and in the correction of the Selselatozzahab. has not done. If there was a correct form in one of these three sources, we did not bring it except in special cases when it was necessary. In correcting these verses, the lexical points, semantic, stylistic, linguistic and textual proportions of Jami have been taken into account.
