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Javad Rashki Aliabad; jamshid noroozi
Abstract
POSITION AND IMPORTANCE OF VERSIFIED HISTORIES OF SAFAVID DYNASTY AND DESCRIPTION OF THEIR HISTORIOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
Position and lmportance of Versified Histories of Safavid dynasty and Description of Their historiographical Features
Abstract
The Mongols age was followed by the flourishment of ...
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POSITION AND IMPORTANCE OF VERSIFIED HISTORIES OF SAFAVID DYNASTY AND DESCRIPTION OF THEIR HISTORIOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
Position and lmportance of Versified Histories of Safavid dynasty and Description of Their historiographical Features
Abstract
The Mongols age was followed by the flourishment of the versified histories like Shahnameh and Eskandarnameh. In this regard, during the Safavid dynasty, a considerable number of historical texts were created in this literary genre. The Historical Shahnameh (history of kings through poetry) created during the Safavid era inherited many of the characteristics of this genre from the historical texts of the previous ages. Nonetheless, due to the specific features of the Safavid dynasty, these literary works had some distinct features and differences compared to the works of the earlier ages. The present paper is done the descriptive-analytical method based on library sourced and investigates the versified histories about the Safavid dynasty, which have been versified in this period. In fact, the purpose of this paper is to introduce the versified histories of this era and show what characteristics and importance their historical content has in historiography of the Safavid era. A total of 9 versified histories in the Safavid era have been investigated which mainly describe historical actions and wars in terms of content. Based on the motivation of the poets of this texts for highlight and eternalize the name of the kings and historical events about them, It can be said that although this texts have historical information but this were created based on the attract please the rulers. However, versified histories of this period are of particular importance by having some first-hand historical data about some events and topics of the Safavid era, helping to confirm or correct the information of prose historical sources and filing some information gaps.
Keywords: Versified Historiography, Safavid Dynasty, Shahnameh, Eskandarnameh
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hamid asadpour; Farajolah Ahmadi; hossein Eskandari
Abstract
Abstract
Migrations have had political, social, economic, and cultural effects, either intentionally or unintentionally. As the effectiveness of the migration phenomenon, especially in the cultural aspect, is one of the important and significant issues. As an important waterway, the Persian Gulf has ...
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Abstract
Migrations have had political, social, economic, and cultural effects, either intentionally or unintentionally. As the effectiveness of the migration phenomenon, especially in the cultural aspect, is one of the important and significant issues. As an important waterway, the Persian Gulf has been a meeting place of various cultures not only politically and economically, but also culturally. One of these cases is the generally unwanted migration of people of African descent, especially from the eastern parts of this continent, to the shores and rear shores of the Persian Gulf centuries ago and especially in the last two centuries. In addition to being influenced by the residents of these areas, this group has also had a deep impact on the culture of these areas. One of the most important of these effects is the formation and spread of a phenomenon called zar, which is considered one of the subcultures in these areas. In the term, zar is a kind of confusion and distress of people, which they considered to be the result of the actions of evil spirits. The formation and wide spread of the Zar phenomenon has many reasons. The basic question of this research is that what are the causes of the spread and continuation of the zar phenomenon in the shores and backshores of the Persian Gulf? It seems that the lack of a safe haven and the lack of logical reasoning to solve the problems of the residents of the shores and backshores of the Persian Gulf on the one hand and living with many problems in the southern regions of Iran, the many trips of sailors from these areas to the African coasts and the settlement of African descendants on the coasts On the other hand, the Persian Gulf has caused the spread and development of a phenomenon called Zar. Also, this phenomenon has had harmony and similarity with some cultural structures of these areas. This research has been done by relying on library sources and field observations and with descriptive analytical method.
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abdolah safarzaie; Marziyeh Balochi
Abstract
Sistan and Makoran were two states in the southeast of the lands of the Eastern Caliphate and in the Thaghur region in the 3rd to 6th centuries of Hijri. In that historical period, the territorial extent of Sistan and Makoran states was in the best historical conditions and much wider than today. At ...
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Sistan and Makoran were two states in the southeast of the lands of the Eastern Caliphate and in the Thaghur region in the 3rd to 6th centuries of Hijri. In that historical period, the territorial extent of Sistan and Makoran states was in the best historical conditions and much wider than today. At the beginning of the third century AH, Sistan was under the control of Taherians. In the middle of the third century, the Saffarians ruled over large parts of Iran, including Makoran, centered in Sistan. When the Samanids came to power, followed by the Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks, their efforts to dominate Sistan and Makoran began. On the other hand, Al Boyeh conquered the western areas of Makoran in the 4th century. Such struggles to dominate Sistan and Makoran and the resistance of the remaining Safari kings in Sistan and the rulers of Makoran for their political independence had created complex political relations in the region. On the other hand, Adavieh Road and its numerous branches also facilitated the conditions of bilateral relations between Sistan and Makoran. Therefore, the investigation of the political relations between Makoran and Sistan in this period has a place for analysis and research. When the Saffarians came to power in Sistan in the third century and later, the rulers of Sistan tried to dominate Makoran, but the rulers of Makoran tried to manage this region by themselves. Many of the Turks' attacks on Makoran were carried out through Sistan, and sometimes some rulers of Sistan took refuge in Makoran as a result of the pressure of the invading tribes or internal factions. The purpose of this article is to explain the political relations between Sistan and Makoran from the third to the sixth century of Hijri. This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical way using library resources. The achievement of this research is to get to know the useful experiences of relations between Sistan and Makoran from the 3rd to the 6th century and to use those experiences in the planning and policies facing the province of Sistan and Baluchistan.
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Sorena Firouzi; Mahsa Veisi
Abstract
Regarding the background of the inscribing of Zoroaster's poems, there are two general views: archaic and contemporary. The archaic view is documented in Pahlavi texts and reflected in the writings of some historians from the Islamic era, who suggest that these religious texts were written before Alexander's ...
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Regarding the background of the inscribing of Zoroaster's poems, there are two general views: archaic and contemporary. The archaic view is documented in Pahlavi texts and reflected in the writings of some historians from the Islamic era, who suggest that these religious texts were written before Alexander's invasion. However, the opinion of contemporary scholars emphasizes a delay in this process.This research is based on a historical approach and textual content analysis on one hand, and an assessment of the writing situation on the Iranian plateau relevant to the first half of the first millennium BC, on the other hand. It first examines the evidence and arguments of both views and then analyzes the subject based on the temporal and geographical components related to the time of Zoroaster and the Achaemenid era. The purpose of this article is to estimate the oldest possible time for the composition of the oldest part of the Avesta attributed to Zoroaster through evaluating the evidence related to Zoroastrian hymns.The article asserts that there are effects of inscribing Zoroaster's poems at the time of their composition, and discusses what kind of script and writing system could have been used, as well as the reasons for its existence.Contrary to the beliefs of some modern Western scholars, this study demonstrates that the Avestan texts, including Zoroaster's poems (Gathas), were written before Alexander's invasion. The article concludes by discussing the matter of the script or language referred to as "Aryan" by Darius the Great and its connection to the topic.At the end of the article, the issue of the script or language referred to as "Aryan" by Darius the Great and its relation to the subject is discussed. This article states that the aforementioned script has no connection with Persian cuneiform or Old Persian language. Rather, the intention was to write in the Bactrian (Aryan) language of Darius' era, which was either in a common Aramaic script or a script derived from it.
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nilofar mosavi; Hassan Zandiyeh; amirtymour rafiei; hamidreza safakish
Abstract
Abstractthe Belief in astronomical laws and the influence of heavenly objects on human life is the Iranian’s oldest beliefs. This belief is not only an important part of popular culture but also, it always had a lot of influence and expansion on government’s different levels. various aspects ...
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Abstractthe Belief in astronomical laws and the influence of heavenly objects on human life is the Iranian’s oldest beliefs. This belief is not only an important part of popular culture but also, it always had a lot of influence and expansion on government’s different levels. various aspects of political life and the society of the people in Qajar era are such as ,Using the rules of astrology in campaigns, making treaties, war and peace, sitting on the royal throne, hunting, traveling, shopping, trading, education, prayer, treatment of diseases, marriage, etc. Believing in the auspiciousness and bad luck of days was an important part of their beliefs and the effects of heavens; which was mixed with some religious rules over time. Such a belief created decisions, actions and knowledge in accordance with the traditional discourse of the society on the subject of astronomical rulings, which manifested itself in various aspects of political and social life. Therefore, the current research tries to answer this question, what were the socio-political foundations of the belief in good and bad luck from a historical perspective in this period, and what consequences did this issue have on the political and social life of Iranians during the Qajar era? This research has described, analysed and explained the traditional dominant discourse of the society with the constructivist methodology on the two levels of action and structure on the subject of good and bad luck days and its consequences from the view of superstition paradigm. Based on research findings, psychological factors such as fear, submission and fatalism along with scientific ignorance and resistance to new ideas, lack of organized education system, lack of public and government treatment services, political unrest, famine and economic problems, tyranny, The oppression and low status of women in this period had led to the spread of the belief in the bad themes, and the determination of good times in the calendars of this period played an effective role in the continuation and spread of this belief.
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Razwan Arif Abbas; Nasser Sedqhi; Vali Dinparast
Abstract
Abstract:
One of the Sufi order in Islam is the Qadiriyya Order, whose founder is Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani (died 561 AH). In the seventh and eighth centuries, the Qadiriyya order spread in Iraq, then India, the Levant, and North Africa. It gradually gained followers in Kurdistan from the 9th ...
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Abstract:
One of the Sufi order in Islam is the Qadiriyya Order, whose founder is Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani (died 561 AH). In the seventh and eighth centuries, the Qadiriyya order spread in Iraq, then India, the Levant, and North Africa. It gradually gained followers in Kurdistan from the 9th century of Hijri. Since then, in the following centuries, the number of followers of this tariqat increased day by day in Kurdistan, Iraq and Iran. So that today this order has followers in these regions, the investigation of how and the causes of the spread of the Qadiriyya order in Kurdistan is the subject of this research. The method of conducting this research is descriptive-analytical and it seeks to answer the question that what factors have caused the expansion of Qadiriyya order in Kurdistan? The findings of his study show that there are several factors for the expansion of the Qadiriyya ordert in Kurdistan, including things such as: the cultural activities of the Qadiriyya Spirtual Leaders, the local power vacuum in Kurdistan, the numerous trips of the sheikhs to various regions and the propagation of the Qadiriyya Order among the people. Interaction with local rulers or with the Ottoman government was effective in spreading this religion in Kurdistan.The subject of this research is how the Qadiriyya Tariqat spread in Kurdistan during the period discussed by these people. Who were the followers of the Qadiriyya Tariqat in Kurdistan and how did they spread this Tariqat in Kurdistan for the first time is the question of this research.In connection with Qadiriyeh method, several studies have been written, which can be mentioned: Hadidi, Khalil; Dehghan, Ali and Fernia, Naser (2013), in an article titled "Zekr in the Qadiriyya Tariqat" have investigated the rituals of this Tariqat.For the first time, the Qadiriyya Tariqat in Kurdistan was flourished and glorified by the Barzanji dynasty. The founders of this family were two brothers named Isa and Musa (at the end of the first half of the 15th century), who settled in Barzanjeh, which is one of the villages of Shahrzour,
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kaveh Ghanbari; Aliakbar Forati
Abstract
With the defeat of the authoritarian and centrist government of the Sassanids by the Muslim Arabs, the use of the Middle Persian language in the court and government organizations gradually faded and then disappeared. The Pahlavi language, which until then was the official language of the government ...
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With the defeat of the authoritarian and centrist government of the Sassanids by the Muslim Arabs, the use of the Middle Persian language in the court and government organizations gradually faded and then disappeared. The Pahlavi language, which until then was the official language of the government and the language of many works created at that time, gradually gave its place to the Arabic language, which was considered a sacred language in light of its sanctity of the Holy Quran. In such a situation, every writer in Iranshahr poured his mind and thoughts into the Arabic language, and the Arabic language became the language of the elite group of Iranian society and the language of contemporary culture. From writing letters in the courts to writing news and reviews, etc., everything was in Arabic. In this situation, Arab poets of Iranian origin who played the role of connecting Iranian cultural and literary traditions; They introduced the elements of Iranian culture into the Arabic language, one of the most prominent of which was the Iranshahri celebrations, which provided a platform for the rest of Iran's cultural traditions to be transferred through this channel. In the current research, Iranian festivals in the works of writers and poets of Yatima Al-Dahr book were examined with a literary-historical-social approach. The findings of this research show that Nowruz, Mehrgan, Sadeh, Ram, Afrijkan, and Khorroz festivals were celebrated in the order of their importance at that time. Nowruz, Mehrgan and Sadeh had more of an occasion aspect and were expressed as court celebrations; Although the Sadeh and its ruling atmosphere have been described more than Nowruz and Mehrgan; On the other hand, Ram, Afrijkan and Khorroz have been important among the masses of people. In addition, the influence of Iranian culture on Arabic poetry is evident, ranging from Iranshahri celebrations to the description of the components of Iranian culture such as nature, spring, flowers, colors, and music, etc.
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mahdi rafatipanah mehrabadi
Abstract
The philosophy of inclusion considers all beings, including humans, animals, plants and birds, to be part of the universe, which follow a single principle, the principle of life, and move towards a single goal, which is cosmic order. Based on this, the present article seeks to answer the question of ...
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The philosophy of inclusion considers all beings, including humans, animals, plants and birds, to be part of the universe, which follow a single principle, the principle of life, and move towards a single goal, which is cosmic order. Based on this, the present article seeks to answer the question of whether it is possible to find the philosophy of inclusion in the culture of ancient Iran by examining the historical, ritual, religious and mythological evidences of ancient Iran? And if so, how is the position of each component of nature defined in this system and what are the functions defined for them in order to maintain the cosmic order? The findings of the research show that in the Iranian worldview, man is not considered as a superior who has moral and ontological superiority over other beings. In this mean, man is just a part of the world that is responsible for establishing cosmic order in the fight against evil and demonic forces, the same as other creatures. Understanding natural phenomena as entities that have intrinsic value and can play a role in humanʼs material and spiritual development is the main message that ancient worldview has for modern humans. In fact, the philosophy of inclusion in the form of the worldview of ancient Iran can be used for environmental protection in the framework of the discourse of green radicalism and especially ecological theology along with other components of this discourse such as Islamic, Christian, Buddhist and Jewish ecological theology. In other words, the philosophy of inclusion can be considered as intellectual framework of ancient Iran, based on which not only humans, but all parts of nature such as plants, animals, birds, and mountains, in an ontological dialectic, are mutually connected and are trying to establish order based on truth as the basic principle of the universe.
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davoud pakbaz kataj; hasan karimian; mosayeb amiri; Majid Montazer- Zohouri
Abstract
Dehdasht is one of the most important cities of southwestern Iran in the Islamic era, which was of great importance and prosperity in the Safavid period. This city was in the Safavid era the Dar al -Molk and the ruler of the large province of Kohgiluyeh, which covered the Arrajan wide area. Dehdasht ...
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Dehdasht is one of the most important cities of southwestern Iran in the Islamic era, which was of great importance and prosperity in the Safavid period. This city was in the Safavid era the Dar al -Molk and the ruler of the large province of Kohgiluyeh, which covered the Arrajan wide area. Dehdasht is one of the most significant historical cities in the southwest of Iran, which in its flourishing period was considered the center of a region that was important from the Sassanid period and after that with the names of Beladshapur and Kohgiluyeh had. This city is one of the historical cities of Iran, which despite many historical developments, it can still be considered the healthiest historical stone-making city in the country. During its prosperity, the city of Dehdasht had all urban signs, including a defensive wall, a government citadel, bazaar, caravanserai, mosque, large baths, schools and more than a thousand residential doors. The purpose of this paper is to understand and explain the factors affecting the decline of the Dehdasht from the Safavid era to the end of the Qajar era and its time to decline. In this historical-analytical study, was attempted to answer the question by analyzing the results of field studies and analyzing historical sources, What were the reasons and manner of the collapse of Dehdasht city? and The end of its political-social life is related to what period of history? Based on the results of the analysis of historical sources and the analysis of archaeological data, war and riots and successive looting, insecurity, destruction of communication networks, decreased business prosperity, heavy taxation and deterioration of the economic situation led to the decline of the historic city of Dehdasht and the city's emptying of the people. The weakness and gradual decline of the city also began with the weakening of the Safavid government and continued until the Qajar period, but the final collapse and end of its political and political life dates back to the late Qajar period.
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Arwin Ghaemian; Noor al-Din Nemati
Abstract
Britain and the Arab tribes of Khuzestan (1925-1941)AbstractIn the early 20th century, the British government assumed a significant role in shaping the internal landscape of Iran through the acquisition of oil concessions and the establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. However, the eruption of ...
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Britain and the Arab tribes of Khuzestan (1925-1941)AbstractIn the early 20th century, the British government assumed a significant role in shaping the internal landscape of Iran through the acquisition of oil concessions and the establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. However, the eruption of the First World War (1914-1918) and the Russian Revolution (1917) posed a formidable challenge to the continuation of British hegemony over the operational areas of the oil company. Consequently, London embarked on formulating a novel strategy that accorded utmost importance to the consolidation of power within Iran, considering it as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. The ascension of Reza Shah (1925-1941) and his authoritarian approach towards modernization and the centralization of political authority inevitably clashed with the interests of the Arab tribes, leading to population displacement and extensive migration of the Khuzestani tribes to neighboring Arab countries. This study endeavors to address the following question: What was the nature of the relationship between Reza Shah and the Arab tribes of Khuzestan? The central hypothesis posited in this research contends that the support strategy employed by the British government and the oil company, aimed at concentrating political power and fostering modernization in Iran, proved effective in mitigating population displacement and large-scale migration of Arab tribes to neighboring nations.Keyword: Britain, Iran, oil, Arab tribes.AbstractIn the early 20th century, the British government assumed a significant role in shaping the internal landscape of Iran through the acquisition of oil concessions and the establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. However, the eruption of the First World War (1914-1918) and the Russian Revolution (1917) posed a formidable challenge to the continuation of British hegemony over the operational areas of the oil company. Consequently, London embarked on formulating a novel strategy that accorded utmost importance to the consolidation of power within Iran, considering it as the cornerstone of its foreign policy.
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Mina Safa
Abstract
The study of Khusrawani wisdom, also known as the wisdom of ancient Iran, encompasses all cultural conceptions. It serves as a means to gain a more accurate understanding of Islamic-Iranian culture, tracing back to the second century of the Hijra. This culture predominantly consists of mystical mythology ...
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The study of Khusrawani wisdom, also known as the wisdom of ancient Iran, encompasses all cultural conceptions. It serves as a means to gain a more accurate understanding of Islamic-Iranian culture, tracing back to the second century of the Hijra. This culture predominantly consists of mystical mythology and philosophy. Iranian wisdom summarizes the various schools of thought, religions, and worldviews of the Iranian peoples. These traditions evolved in Iran for centuries both before and after the advent of Islam. Sheikh Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi referred to this wisdom as "Eshraq/Khusrawani wisdom." Iranian philosophers and sages emerged within Iran's rich intellectual and cultural milieu, drawing from the vast seas of wisdom and philosophy from both the East and the West. Among these sages was Nasser Khosrow Qubadiani, an Ismaili Da'i and Hujjat in the 5th century AH. While previous analyses of his works have been approached from a Western perspective, focusing on the influence of Greek philosophy, this research delves into fundamental questions. It explores Nasser Khosrow's relationship with the ancient world of Iran and whether he drew from the legacy of Iranian philosophy/Khusrawani wisdom, and to what extent. Nasser Khosrow's impact on Iranian culture and literature, spanning both ancient and Islamic eras, can be divided into two main aspects. In the first part, Nasser Khosrow was influenced by the heritage of ancient Iranian culture. This influence is evident in his references to figures like Zoroaster, Avesta, Zand, and Pazand, as well as mentioning great kings such as Anusharvan and Sam in his Diwan. The second part reveals Nasser Khosrow's assimilation of the culture of the Abbasid era, including its writers and poets. This article investigates the role and significance of Iranian/Khusrawani wisdom in Nasser Khosrow's intellectual framework. By highlighting the importance of reason and authority in his intellectual structure, it compares, interprets, and analyzes the key aspects of Khusrawani wisdom and Nasser Khosrow's wisdom concerning reason and authority.
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Fatemeh Taherkhani; heydar valizadeh
Abstract
The purpose of writing this article is to investigate the language mechanisms in the Shiite discourse that led to the recovery and revival of the concept of "Iran" in the Safavid era.The importance of dealing with this concept is because many social-political relations and relationships, ways ...
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The purpose of writing this article is to investigate the language mechanisms in the Shiite discourse that led to the recovery and revival of the concept of "Iran" in the Safavid era.The importance of dealing with this concept is because many social-political relations and relationships, ways of power generation, how to form the Iranian-Islamic identity, and how to build a centralized Shiite government are hidden in its underlying layers of meaning. One of the important texts of this period, which was written in the style of a political book in the year 1402 AH and was dedicated to Shah Abbas II, is the book Roza Al-Anwar by Mullah Mohammad Baqer Sabzevari.This book, with its frequent use of the word Iran, is a good example for examining the way Iran and Shiism are discursively blended as two pillars of identity in contemporary Iran. By reading this text in accordance with Ryan Kozlak's conceptual history approach and Ruth Wodak's historical-discursive method, the following results were obtained:The concept of Iran has been mentioned and used in the widest semantic and historical form in this text, and all the discursive and semantic capacities available in it, including mythological, geographical, religious and cultural forms, have been used to produce the political power of the all-embracing and emerging Safavid state. and all levels and layers of historical meaning of this concept have been summoned in this text.
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Hasan Rostami; Abbas ghadimigheydari
Abstract
During the years of constitutionalism, khamse region centered on Zanjan was one of the centers of crisis in the country and due to its proximity to important areas of Tehran and Tabriz and the competition of political groups, it spent years of unrest. Meanwhile, in addition to the political crises of ...
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During the years of constitutionalism, khamse region centered on Zanjan was one of the centers of crisis in the country and due to its proximity to important areas of Tehran and Tabriz and the competition of political groups, it spent years of unrest. Meanwhile, in addition to the political crises of constitutionalism, the enmity of the nobility of the region caused many disturbances.According to the policies of the Qajar patrimonialism government during the Naseri and Mozaffari eras, in the years leading to the constitution, the elite and urban landed gentry of Zanjan (Jahanshah Khan Amirafshar, Zulfiqar Khan Asad al-Dawlah) took over each other’s regions and caused many conflicts in Zanjan and They created Tehran.The basic issue of this research is the relationship between the Qajar governance model and the rivalries and conflicts of the landed aristocracy of Zanjan and the consequences and results of these policies and rivalries. According to the model of the patrimonial government, during the period of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, by selling and giving khalese lands to influential people and top groups, the necessary conditions were provided to acquire other lands in the khamse region, and due to the weakness of the executive institutions of Qajar and Those in power in Tehran and Zanjan did not fulfill the wishes of the people.In the following decades, this defeat paved the way for pursuing the demands of the Zanjan landowner nobility, and this time the descendants of nobility were determined to recapture the lands of khamse region, and a period of instability and insecurity arose in Zanjan. The result of these policies and the inefficiencies of the Qajar government and the executive elements in Tehran and Zanjan was the hardship and homelessness of the people. The present article has investigated the issue by collecting library and documentary data and using original sources such as newspapers in a descriptive-explanatory way.
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Abbas Ali Rezaei Nia; Mehdi Mousavinia
Abstract
A part of the identity and culture of the people of Iran has been preserved in the framework of native and local games. In Iran land, many local and diverse sports are performed in various ceremonies. Among these games that have gained a national aspect in Iranian culture is the game of polo, which has ...
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A part of the identity and culture of the people of Iran has been preserved in the framework of native and local games. In Iran land, many local and diverse sports are performed in various ceremonies. Among these games that have gained a national aspect in Iranian culture is the game of polo, which has been passed down from one generation to the next and continues to exist. Polo has a high place in Iranian culture and has gone beyond a mere game and is connected with the value and intellectual system of Iranian society. Our understanding of the polo game relies more on historical texts, literature, and artifacts. But the gap that can be seen in this field is the examination of the phenomena and evidence of polo games from the perspective of intangible cultural heritage. Therefore, the purpose of the present article is to know the place, importance, and explanation of the polo match as one of the components of identity in the culture of Iranian people with a descriptive-analytical method. In order to achieve this goal, the game of polo has been considered in various fields of oral traditions, social customs, and performing arts. First, the toponyms that are connected with polo have been checked. Then, the evidence of playing polo among native and local games has been discussed. And it tried to identify the signs of polo and to express its similarities and differences among different regions. The result of the research showed that the polo game was customary not only among the nobles and elders but also among the ordinary people of Iran. Eleven places related to polo, as well as holding it in different regions of Iran, both on horseback and on foot, are a sign of people's deep connection with this game. The polo match has played an effective role not only as a national game but also as an efficient cultural element in the cultural and social life of Iranian society.This game has reflected the attitudes of Iranians in people's lives and has contributed to the continuity of their cultural traditions.
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kurosh salehi
Abstract
The effect of expanding the scope of central security on Iran's economic situation during the period of Shah Abbas IAbstractThe effect of expanding the scope of central security during the period of Shah Abbas I had a valuable role on the order and order of affairs and commercial prosperity. Considering ...
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The effect of expanding the scope of central security on Iran's economic situation during the period of Shah Abbas IAbstractThe effect of expanding the scope of central security during the period of Shah Abbas I had a valuable role on the order and order of affairs and commercial prosperity. Considering the significant increase in the power of the local tribal centers and the relative passivity of the central government towards these centers in previous periods; The general development of the country's security and the important issue of economic prosperity in this domain; It was considered the most important factor in changing the general situation. With the accession of Shah Abbas I, this cycle underwent a general change, and the change in the formation of ethnic groups, ways and internal security equations and its supervision was the main part of these changes. This research, organized by historical method, revolves around the question, what was Shah Abbas I's goal of expanding the scope of central security? Based; The purpose of choosing the new capital, migration and arrangement of ethnic groups in the capital and the roads leading to it, paying attention to the roads, building numerous caravanserais, eliminating the sources of insecurity and strengthening the central security of the government; It was one of the most important measures of Shah Abbas I towards economic prosperity of the country. The result of the research shows that these measures of the security sector caused the formation of a new atmosphere in the field of general security and the important principle of the movement of commercial caravans and the expansion of the scope of citizenship laws in a way that in a relatively short period of time, the general atmosphere of the country towards balance and the speed of economic prosperity progress has been made.
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azar ardianian; foad pouraryan; mirhadi hoseeini; hossein moftakhari
Abstract
The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant ...
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The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant factor for strengthening the body of military authority of the Pahlavi government, which has great impacts on the political, social and historical transformation of Iran specially in that period of restless caused by the initiation of the second world wars. since the international issues were changing rapidly and Iran, in a special geographical position, was attracting the attention of powerful governments in order to protect their interests in the Middle East. In terms of this point of view, paying attention to this crucial element was very important in the continuation of the political rule of the first Pahlavi government so neglecting this matter, was not possible.Based on library sources, descriptive-analytical and cliometric method, the current research is seeking to answer these questions: what were the effects of telegraph network development during the Pahlavi regime? And the budget allocated to this ministry was in line with the development of military power or not? The findings indicate that Reza Shah's efforts to modernize Iran led to the development of the telegraph network as a very practical facility, which was not only as a result of expanding the lines caused by international political conditions, but also a factor for Iran's reformation and revolution in the middle of that time. This network was considered as one of the main components of the expansion of military rule in the country, however, its budget did not grow significantly during Reza Shah's sovereignty. But the budget of the ministry did not grow significantly. The significance of the present research is that it can provide valuable information based on the published statistics related to the dedicated budget to this ministry in the first Pahlavi era and clarify the ambiguous political and social aspects of the society.
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Mohammadali Parghoo; Javad Alipoor Silab
Abstract
One of the interesting and neglected topics in the social history studies of Iran is how to deal with natural and climatic challenges, including hot or cold winds. An important example of these winds has been referred to by historians, geographers, and physicians in various sources as the " Samum wind", ...
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One of the interesting and neglected topics in the social history studies of Iran is how to deal with natural and climatic challenges, including hot or cold winds. An important example of these winds has been referred to by historians, geographers, and physicians in various sources as the " Samum wind", Therefore , the current research aims to answer the question, what were the characteristics of " Samum wind" and how to deal with it in the Iranian medicine system? In the first step, this article examines the geographical distribution and history, and in the second step, it explains the cognitive and behavioral approach of physicians in dealing with Samum wind and its complications. The findings of the present research based on the analytical descriptive approach indicate that: Samum wind was considered a climatic challenge in different historical periods and different geographical regions. The geographical area where this wind blows in Iran primarily includes the southern regions (east-west) and the period of its blowing is from late spring to late summer. In terms of quality, the main characteristics of the Samum wind were: heat and dryness. The blowing of this wind caused problems for the region's human, plant, and animal life. confrontation to Samum wind caused fatal physical effects on the person's body, which physicians called " Samum zadegi". Preventive measures to deal with the heat and Samum wind and a variety of treatment methods to eliminate the side effects of facing this wind have been presented by physicians in the framework of Akhlati medicine: ((four temperaments). The current research is an interdisciplinary study with a historical approach. The necessary information has been collected by the library method from historical, geographical, and medical sources that are mostly ignored in historical research. The method of presenting the content is descriptive-analytical.
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Mahdi Asadi; Fatemeh Kazemizadeh
Abstract
With the intensification of nationalism after the First World War and the increase of travel and cultural exchanges, the common feelings between the Persians of India and the supporters of archaic nationalism in Iran intensified. As a result of the growth of nationalism and attention to the issue of ...
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With the intensification of nationalism after the First World War and the increase of travel and cultural exchanges, the common feelings between the Persians of India and the supporters of archaic nationalism in Iran intensified. As a result of the growth of nationalism and attention to the issue of land and nationality, the Persians of India became more interested in their ancestral land and the possibility of returning to it, especially after the start of the war between Muslims and Hindus and the threat to their financial and life security. For intellectuals and supporters of modernism and archaic nationalists who sought strategies to reform Iran's economy and culture in order to overcome what they perceived as a long period of cultural decline, economic poverty, and political weakness, a greater relationship with the Persians of India and gaining support All-round efforts on their part could play an important role. The first Pahlavi government was also influenced by its nationalistic approach and economic policy, and was interested in the migration of Persians from India to Iran. The current research aims to answer this main question: What was the approach of the first Pahlavi government and the Persians of India to the issue of immigration to Iran? The findings of the research, based on first-hand sources and based on historical methods and on the basis of description and analysis, show that despite the initial inclinations of some Indian Persian leaders and the interest of Reza Shah and the comprehensive efforts of the first Pahlavi men's government This issue failed due to the conflict with the British policies in India, the lack of social justice in the eyes of Indian Parsis and the structure of the absolute Pahlavi government and the ambivalence among the Indian Parsis on this issue. the lack of social justice in the eyes of Indian Parsis and the structure of the absolute Pahlavi government and the ambivalence among the Indian Parsis on this issue.
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shirzad ehsan khah; monireh kazemi arshad; hassan Zandiyehh; manijeh sadri
Abstract
During the Qajar period, due to the emergence and expansion of capitalism and the globalization of the economy, the country's border gates were opened to other countries. In the meantime, Kermanshah, as one of the most important border routes in the country, had a significant share. And in confrontation ...
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During the Qajar period, due to the emergence and expansion of capitalism and the globalization of the economy, the country's border gates were opened to other countries. In the meantime, Kermanshah, as one of the most important border routes in the country, had a significant share. And in confrontation and interaction with the Ottoman government and through it, in contact with other European countries. The arrival of representatives of foreign countries (merchants, Orientalists, religious missionaries, etc.), the establishment of offices such as the Telegraph, the bank, the consulate, etc. The import of Western goods (British fabrics, Turkish tobacco, Danish beers, etc.) led to Manifestations of Western culture are prevalent in this state. The new urban structure and architecture, the grounds for further expansion of Shiism, the introduction of antiquities at the world level, etc. were other cultural consequences of these relations. This research has been done based on travelogues, memoirs, documents, and other sources in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural developments in Kermanshah province in relation to foreign relations in one of the most important periods of Iranian history. Findings show that Iran's foreign relations with European and Ottoman countries, caused other cultural developments such as health promotion, the establishment of schools with new educational content, the formation of the Kermanshah dialect and
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hasan Atash Ab parvar; mohamadkarim yousefjamali; Esmaeil sangari; shokouh alsadat Arabi hashemi
Abstract
How the universe was originally created and the creation of natural elements and their fit with numbers has always been of human interest. Although the myths of creation reflect the mindset of primitive man, they often seek a purposeful structure. With the importance and role that water has in life and ...
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How the universe was originally created and the creation of natural elements and their fit with numbers has always been of human interest. Although the myths of creation reflect the mindset of primitive man, they often seek a purposeful structure. With the importance and role that water has in life and has caused it to play a special role in the beliefs of all nations, a group of ancient tribes sought the origin of all creation in water. The existence of water at the beginning of creation based on ancient Iranian texts has always been considered and in the belief of the ancient Iranians, the creation of water takes place after the sky. In pre-Zoroastrian religions and also in Zoroastrian religion, water has always been sacred and goddesses and goddesses were in charge of protecting and guarding it. A significant part of the myths of ancient Iranian religions is dedicated to water. In the cultural and biological system of the early periods of life, humans used special methods to recognize and introduce the phenomena of existence, one of which is myth. Myths are among the first arguments and cognitive explanations of early humans to determine the nature and location of the available and unknown elements of nature, and they include part of the human cognitive system in the beginning of mankind. This research has studied and analyzed the role of sacred numbers three and seven in the creation of waters with a descriptive and analytical approach. The results of the research indicate that numbers influence nature and the objects under their control, and in this way they mediate between God and the world of creation. In between, the number three is more spiritual and has a role in religious belief and Yazidi and good affairs, and the number seven is more material and sometimes spiritual in the creation of water.
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Noor al-Din Nemati; Jamal Pirehmard Shotorban
Abstract
The constitutional movement was one of the most decisive events in the history of Iran. One of the consequences of constitutionalism was the formation of associations that worked in various ways to support or criticize the constitution. "Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh" of Tabriz was one of these organizations, ...
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The constitutional movement was one of the most decisive events in the history of Iran. One of the consequences of constitutionalism was the formation of associations that worked in various ways to support or criticize the constitution. "Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh" of Tabriz was one of these organizations, which in 1326 A.H., with the efforts of a group of Tabriz clerics, including Mir Hashem-e Davachi, was established in the vicinity of the gate of Sorkhab and the alley of Davachi/Shotorban. After the parliament was bombed by the king (Muhammad Ali Shah) the association became a supporter of the government. Despite the importance of the subject, so far no independent article has been written about the Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, and the present article seeks to fill a part of the existing scientific gap. In addition, by criticizing the dominant view of Iran's constitutional history, the article has tried to adopt a new approach to constitutional critic associations, especially Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which is based on the review of sources.The establishment, continuity and fall of Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh raises the question of how and with what motivation the association was formed and what role did it play in the developments of Tabriz in the midst of the transition period? in this article, an attempt has been made to answer the above question with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the qualitative research method. The hypothesis of the current research is that Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which was formed from the religious, political, social and economic motives of the "Founders of Eslamiyeh", at the beginning of the so called "Estebdad-e Saghir" period, became a center of support for the government of MuhammadAli shah in Tabriz, but the conflict of opinions of the founders of Eslamiyeh along with the resistance of the people of Tabriz and their suspicion of the government forces, paved its way to collapse.AbstractThe constitutional movement was one of the most decisive events in the history of Iran. One of the consequences of constitutionalism was the formation of associations that worked in various ways to support or criticize the constitution. "Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh" of Tabriz was one of these organizations, which in 1326 A.H., with the efforts of a group of Tabriz clerics, including Mir Hashem-e Davachi, was established in the vicinity of the gate of Sorkhab and the alley of Davachi/Shotorban. After the parliament was bombed by the king (Muhammad Ali Shah) the association became a supporter of the government. Despite the importance of the subject, so far no independent article has been written about the Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, and the present article seeks to fill a part of the existing scientific gap. In addition, by criticizing the dominant view of Iran's constitutional history, the article has tried to adopt a new approach to constitutional critic associations, especially Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which is based on the review of sources.The establishment, continuity and fall of Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh raises the question of how and with what motivation the association was formed and what role did it play in the developments of Tabriz in the midst of the transition period? in this article, an attempt has been made to answer the above question with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the qualitative research method. The hypothesis of the current research is that Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which was formed from the religious, political, social and economic motives of the "Founders of Eslamiyeh", at the beginning of the so called "Estebdad-e Saghir" period, became a center of support for the government of MuhammadAli shah in Tabriz, but the conflict of opinions of the founders of Eslamiyeh along with the resistance of the people of Tabriz and their suspicion of the government forces, paved its way to collapse.KeywordsConstitutionalism, Tabriz, Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, Mir Hashem-e Davachi, Estebdad-e Saghir.
