Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• Marjan Badiei Aznadahi ¹
• Rasul Afzali ²
• Jahangir Moini Alamdari ³
• Atefeh golfeshan ⁴

¹ Assistant Professor of Political Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

² Associate Professor of Political Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

³ Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

⁴ Phd student of Political Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

                                                
The continuation of war and insecurity throughout history has been one of the most important concerns of governments and people in various geographical areas. War as Jihad,  is one of the ten branches of the Islamic religion,  which means campaigning with enemies and using maximum power to spread Islam or fearing of its dominance, and it has rightful and justice-seeking goals; For this reason, it is called "Holy Jihad". Whatever the cause of war, its ultimate goal is peace  creating an ideal society. From a jurisprudential point of view, establishing peace is possible in three ways: Primary war, Defensive war, War with hypocrites and rebels. Islamic thinkers call the title "Primary Jihad" instead of "just war". The purpose of primary jihad is to establish divine and rational laws in the Islamic land ,to invite polytheists to it and to fight against rebels, and taking over the land is not an option. One of the examples of war in the political geography of the Islamic world dates back to the Ghaznavid period. The campaigns of the Ghaznavid sultans, especially Mahmud, were carried out under the slogan of "war for the sake of religion" and against the Indian pagans, while their purpose was actually to capture the spoils of war. The purpose of this article, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, is to identify the reasons for the occurrence of war in the geographical territory of the Ghaznavid government with reference to the history of Beyhaqi. By researching the history of Beyhaqi, this article shows that three main reasons were influential in the emergence of "war for the sake of God in the geographical territory of the Ghaznavids": 1. The political situation governing the institution of the Abbasid caliphate; 2. The influence of the institution of religion on the rise and fall of the Ghaznavids; 3. Mutual support of the Ghaznavids and the Abbasid Caliphate. Also, this research has shown that none of the wars of the Ghaznavid period was an example of "war for the sake of God". Only a few cases of war with rebels can be found based on examples in Bayhaqi history, otherwise, the text of Bayhaqi history testifies that most of these wars were carried out with the aim of consolidating power, gaining wealth, exerting power and force on the people, and had nothing to do with the Islamic rulings on war and jihad. .
 

Keywords

• English War for the sake of God
• Jihad
• geographical territory
• Ghaznavid rule
• Beyhaqi history