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majid montazer zohouri; Darywsh Barati Dasht Rahi
Abstract
The city of Susa, In the north of Khuzestan province, it is one of the first ancient places where extensive archaeological researches have been conducted. In 1947, the French archaeologist Roman Grishman managed to discover a building known as a monastery in the northeast of the mosque of the early centuries ...
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The city of Susa, In the north of Khuzestan province, it is one of the first ancient places where extensive archaeological researches have been conducted. In 1947, the French archaeologist Roman Grishman managed to discover a building known as a monastery in the northeast of the mosque of the early centuries of Susa, located in the northeastern vicinity of the early centuries' mosque in Susa. Initially, upon observing the alignment of the building's wall with the mosque, he speculated that the structure might have served as a governmental or palatial edifice. Then Monique Kervran introduces this building as Rabat or the Monastery. Now, based on the writings of Al-Maqdisi, a 4th-century geographer about his visit to a monastery in the city of Shush, we can highlight the influence of Sufism or mysticism in this city. Given its antiquity, dating back to the early centuries of Islam, this monastery holds significant scholarly value and offers insights into the architectural origins as well as the behavioral and ideological framework of monastic life. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the architectural origins of the Shush monastery and analyze the religious practices that influenced its construction. The authors aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure and cultural significance of the monastery based on archaeological evidence. Does Shush Monastery have a structural connection with religious buildings and ideological systems before Islam, or is it derived from the foundations of the Islamic era? The following research used the descriptive-analytical method and the archaeological-historical order to address answers to raised questions. Archeological evidence indicates that certain architectural elements of the Susa Monastery are consistent with the Mehrkadeh from the Sassanid era found in southern Iran, which subsequently influenced the architecture of the middle and later Islamic periods. Some religious practices within the monastic system have their origins in pre-Islamic beliefs.
Hamidreza Peighambari; Leila Makvandi
Abstract
The Early history of the Persian Gulf is focused on the substantial political and economic role of Mesopotamia and its relations with Dilmun (Bahrain), Magan (Oman) and Meluhha (Indus valley). Therefore, the role of Elamites and the other people from Northern coasts of the Persian Gulf has remained obscure ...
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The Early history of the Persian Gulf is focused on the substantial political and economic role of Mesopotamia and its relations with Dilmun (Bahrain), Magan (Oman) and Meluhha (Indus valley). Therefore, the role of Elamites and the other people from Northern coasts of the Persian Gulf has remained obscure and unclear. One of the unanswered questions is about the maritime activities of these people. The present article is an attempt to answer this question, and in order to determine the role of the “Elamite Confederation” in Persian Gulf trade, it emphasizes on the necessity of revising the common understanding through the use of historical analysis and archaeological data. This research indicates that Mesopotamian sources reflect only a part of the history of “Lower Sea” (Persian Gulf), which mainly refers to their commerce with the southern coasts. But the scattered information about the eastern places in the same sources and the archaeological data based on the analysis of minerals and objects made of semi-precious stones such as lapis lazuli and Chlorite, indicate the importance of those lands. The waterway for exchange of these resources and commodities, which passed through Susa and the coasts of Fars (Anshan), especially Liyan (Bushehr), like the land routes, were influenced by the political rivalries and enmity of Elamites and Mesopotamians, but was very prosperous in periods. Those periods are historically consistent with the Sukkalmah and Shutrukid dynasties, in which Elamite relationship extended to Bahrain and Oman as well. Thus, in spite of strong political and economic relations between Mesopotamia and southern coasts of “Lower Sea”, power dynamics in the region frequently changed in favor of Elamites and with this knowledge, we can now say that the gainful Sea trade has not been in the hands of Mesopotamia, as Mesopotamian sources inculcate
