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Sorena Firouzi; Mahsa Veisi
Abstract
Regarding the background of the inscribing of Zoroaster's poems, there are two general views: archaic and contemporary. The archaic view is documented in Pahlavi texts and reflected in the writings of some historians from the Islamic era, who suggest that these religious texts were written before Alexander's ...
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Regarding the background of the inscribing of Zoroaster's poems, there are two general views: archaic and contemporary. The archaic view is documented in Pahlavi texts and reflected in the writings of some historians from the Islamic era, who suggest that these religious texts were written before Alexander's invasion. However, the opinion of contemporary scholars emphasizes a delay in this process.This research is based on a historical approach and textual content analysis on one hand, and an assessment of the writing situation on the Iranian plateau relevant to the first half of the first millennium BC, on the other hand. It first examines the evidence and arguments of both views and then analyzes the subject based on the temporal and geographical components related to the time of Zoroaster and the Achaemenid era. The purpose of this article is to estimate the oldest possible time for the composition of the oldest part of the Avesta attributed to Zoroaster through evaluating the evidence related to Zoroastrian hymns.The article asserts that there are effects of inscribing Zoroaster's poems at the time of their composition, and discusses what kind of script and writing system could have been used, as well as the reasons for its existence.Contrary to the beliefs of some modern Western scholars, this study demonstrates that the Avestan texts, including Zoroaster's poems (Gathas), were written before Alexander's invasion. The article concludes by discussing the matter of the script or language referred to as "Aryan" by Darius the Great and its connection to the topic.At the end of the article, the issue of the script or language referred to as "Aryan" by Darius the Great and its relation to the subject is discussed. This article states that the aforementioned script has no connection with Persian cuneiform or Old Persian language. Rather, the intention was to write in the Bactrian (Aryan) language of Darius' era, which was either in a common Aramaic script or a script derived from it.
Rozbeh Zarrinkoub; Yaser Malekzadeh
Abstract
Before coming Persians as conquerors to Asia Minor, Greek societies who lived in western Asia Minor had limited knowledge about Persian and Median culture and traditions. Their information usually had transferred by native habitants in Asia Minor. After Establishment of the Achaemenid Empire, Persians ...
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Before coming Persians as conquerors to Asia Minor, Greek societies who lived in western Asia Minor had limited knowledge about Persian and Median culture and traditions. Their information usually had transferred by native habitants in Asia Minor. After Establishment of the Achaemenid Empire, Persians and Medians appeared in Anatolia and their societies habited in many places there. These societies expanded their culture and traditions. Because of their existence in high level of government organs, the political power of these people helps them to waste their culture. One of cultural elements was historiography. Although, Greek and Persian historiography has basic differences but Iranian and oriental tradition has affected in Greek historiography. Persian cultural manner in this historiography is so beheld. The other subject is the difference of Historical tradition of Ionia and Greece. In this article, we tried to show that these two traditions are deferent. Writing the history in Greece was depended to Ionic Historiography. so we can't say that the birthplace of historiography is Greece. In this paper we showed some Persian elements in Asia Minors' Historical traditions, and then we compared Persian and Greek Historical traditions in Anatolia. Finally we tried to show that how and when Greek Historiography was found and what was the role of the Persians in the formation of Greek historiography.
Bahman Firuzmandi; Ali Bahadori
Abstract
It is the tribal structure of society and power with which one can explain many developments in ancient Iran in particular in the Achaemenian period. The ...
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It is the tribal structure of society and power with which one can explain many developments in ancient Iran in particular in the Achaemenian period. The ancient authors confirm that seven families with various names played an important role in political, economic and military structures of Persia from this time up to the end of Sasanian period. By choosing Gobryas, described in the Old Persian and Elamite evidance as a Patischorian and a member of seven families during the reign of Darius I, as a case study, the present paper attempts to discuss this concept from a new perspective based on the Persepolis tablets and seal impressions preserved on them. In the light of this evidence, it seems that Gobryas as the leader of Patischorian tribe was one of major landlords of northwestern Fars and southeastern Khuzestan. It is suggested that this region was the house of Patischorian tribe. Further, it is argued that Liduma (modern Jenjan), where Achaemenid architectural works have been discovered, was probably a regional/tribal center of Gobryas. The Achaemenid rock-cut tombs in Behbahan might be attributed to Gobryas family. This region was influenced by Elamite culture and art and, as the personal seal of Gobryas indicates, Gobryas family was not separated from it.
