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shirzad ehsan khah; monireh kazemi arshad; hassan Zandiyehh; manijeh sadri
Abstract
During the Qajar period, due to the emergence and expansion of capitalism and the globalization of the economy, the country's border gates were opened to other countries. In the meantime, Kermanshah, as one of the most important border routes in the country, had a significant share. And in confrontation ...
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During the Qajar period, due to the emergence and expansion of capitalism and the globalization of the economy, the country's border gates were opened to other countries. In the meantime, Kermanshah, as one of the most important border routes in the country, had a significant share. And in confrontation and interaction with the Ottoman government and through it, in contact with other European countries. The arrival of representatives of foreign countries (merchants, Orientalists, religious missionaries, etc.), the establishment of offices such as the Telegraph, the bank, the consulate, etc. The import of Western goods (British fabrics, Turkish tobacco, Danish beers, etc.) led to Manifestations of Western culture are prevalent in this state. The new urban structure and architecture, the grounds for further expansion of Shiism, the introduction of antiquities at the world level, etc. were other cultural consequences of these relations. This research has been done based on travelogues, memoirs, documents, and other sources in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural developments in Kermanshah province in relation to foreign relations in one of the most important periods of Iranian history. Findings show that Iran's foreign relations with European and Ottoman countries, caused other cultural developments such as health promotion, the establishment of schools with new educational content, the formation of the Kermanshah dialect and
Farajolah Ahmadi; Viyan Ali Saleh
Abstract
From the establishment of Iraq in 1932 up to the Iraqi coup of 1958, the disputes between the two neighboring countries of Iran and Iraq did not extend beyond boundary disputes and lead to severe tensions and disputes between them due to the royal structure of their ruling system, their membership in ...
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From the establishment of Iraq in 1932 up to the Iraqi coup of 1958, the disputes between the two neighboring countries of Iran and Iraq did not extend beyond boundary disputes and lead to severe tensions and disputes between them due to the royal structure of their ruling system, their membership in the Baghdad Pact, and the dependence of both governments on the Western bloc. However, there was a period of tension, threats and regional competitions between them after the 1958 military coup in Iraq by Abd al-Karim Qasim and Iraq’s tendency to establish friendly relations with the Soviet Union (Eastern Bloc). This article investigates Iraq's relations with the Soviet Union and its impact on the foreign relations of Iran and Iraq from 1958 to 1979. The question dealt with in this study is: “How did Iraq's dependence on the Soviet Union impact the Iran-Iraq relations from 1958 to 1979?” It is argued that Iraq established friendly relations with the Eastern bloc in line with the Soviet policy after the coup of 1958 in order to gain a more prominent role in the Persian Gulf and enhance its military and political power in the region, which added to the conflicts and disputes between Iran and Iraq, as well as their arms races and interventions in each other’s internal affairs and support of the opposition groups in the two countries. Discussing the history of Iran-Iraq relations before the Iraqi coup of 1958, this article points to Iran’s post-coup concerns due to the change of Iraqi government and its tendency to the Eastern bloc. Delving into the Iraq-Soviet relations, this study examines the impacts of Iraq's dependence on the Soviet Union on Iran-Iraq relations manifested by their arms races and support for the opposition groups in the two countries.
