Hadi Dehghani Yazdeli
Abstract
Semiotics is the knowledge and skill of studying, interpreting, and reinterpreting signs. In this type of study, signs are reread based on the horizon of coexistence and substitution of textual elements and propositions and considering the integrity of the text itself. Re-readings also establish the ...
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Semiotics is the knowledge and skill of studying, interpreting, and reinterpreting signs. In this type of study, signs are reread based on the horizon of coexistence and substitution of textual elements and propositions and considering the integrity of the text itself. Re-readings also establish the process of interpretations and interpretations reveal themselves based on the context, context and audience of the texts. These interpretations are the most essential means for the continuity and permanence of the texts and their hidden ideas in the diverse worlds of human culture and thought and society. Among the semiotic approaches, Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic approach is one of the viewpoints that relies on context, text context, interpretation and reinterpretation of signs. Among the language and thought tools, narratives, especially the story-like type, are considered one of the oldest and most common tools for revealing the meanings and the semantic expression of signs. Since popular narratives carry different cultural and ritual ideas and expressions that are made and discussed in different contexts, contexts and symptoms. This article is based on the mentioned semiotic approach to investigate one of the most basic signs of popular narratives; It means the tree and its various meanings. This research, with a descriptive and analytical-interpretive method, with the aim of revealing the different and common themes and meanings of tree symptoms in the narratives and thoughts of their narrators, explores the function of these symptoms in the structure and superstructure of the narratives. Based on this research and analysis, the tree is one of the natural and influential phenomena in the human mentality that establishes a special sign system in popular narratives that implies various themes. Among these themes are holiness, immortality, taboo and centrism. Such themes, along with their special symptomatic and denotative structure, systematize the world of popular narratives. Although such themes are as old and rooted as human life; But it is still one of the basic needs of the world and modern human life in interaction with nature, society, ethics and spiritual horizons..
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Elham Torkashvand; Ali Mohammadi
Abstract
Rashidi's history belongs to Timurid period, was written by Mirza Haidar Doghlat and its subject is to explain events and conflicts that happened to some of descendants of Genghis Khan and Mirzayan Doghlat and were written by historians. The scene of these conflicts is parts of present-day China, Uzbekistan, ...
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Rashidi's history belongs to Timurid period, was written by Mirza Haidar Doghlat and its subject is to explain events and conflicts that happened to some of descendants of Genghis Khan and Mirzayan Doghlat and were written by historians. The scene of these conflicts is parts of present-day China, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. This book was written about five centuries ago, in Kashmir and outside the geographical area of Iran, by a literate Mongol who had learned it in the Herat School. Apart from the historical events of this precious book, which is one of most unique historical books of Timurid period, this book can also be examined from a literary and rhetorical point of view. The results of this research show that the author has flourished his genius in the field of literature by using verbal and spiritual crafts as well as using a special method of narration. As a classical writer, he has tried to write his writings, both in terms of content and in terms of literary form, wisely and favored by scholars and literati. Hence, Rashidi's history, apart from historical propositions, contains literary and rhetorical flavors that have a worthy effect on the feelings and emotions of the audience. In this research, which has been done in a library manner, by giving examples and explaining them, the artificial parts of the text are distinguished from the narrative parts, and the reasons for Mirza Haidar's tendency towards literary industries and techniques are also explained.
Seyed Mehdi Hosseini Taghiabad
Abstract
The Ossets live in the center of the Greater Caucasus Mountains on either side of the Darial Gorge. Some are Muslims and some are Christians. Results of scientific research and self-awareness of the Ossets indicate their kinship with Iranians and their lineage traces them to a chain of Scythians, Sarmatians, ...
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The Ossets live in the center of the Greater Caucasus Mountains on either side of the Darial Gorge. Some are Muslims and some are Christians. Results of scientific research and self-awareness of the Ossets indicate their kinship with Iranians and their lineage traces them to a chain of Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, and the Asii, and eventually to the Osii and the Ossets.The Alans and the Asii, whose ancestry dates back to the last centuries BC, are the most recent ancestors of the Ossets, peoples whose their presence on the northern frontiers of Iran made them important to Iranians.The present article looks at a part of the ancestors' chains of the Ossets, Alans and the Assi, and the Osii and the change of these names in the inscriptions and published Iranian works, including works of historians, Prose writers, travelogues, and poets until the Qajar era.The findings of this study indicate that the turning points of the life of the ancestors of Ossets and the change of their names in Iranian sources show compliance with the results of historical research based on other languages, and archaeological and linguistic achievements.
khadijeh alemi; ّFatemeh alimohammadd
Abstract
Social history is one of the sciences that examines the changes in people's lives in different historical periods and challenges them. The issue of people's health and, in general, the changes that occurred in medicine during the Qajar period are among the issues that are important in the social history ...
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Social history is one of the sciences that examines the changes in people's lives in different historical periods and challenges them. The issue of people's health and, in general, the changes that occurred in medicine during the Qajar period are among the issues that are important in the social history of this period. With the arrival of foreign tourists to Iran, some of whom were also doctors, health took on a different definition and the people of Iran faced new aspects of medicine, treatment and medicines that were different from their native medicine. During the Qajar period, due to political and social conflicts and problems, public health was not in a good condition. For this reason, the Qajar statesmen (since the chancellery of Amir Kabir) took interesting measures to improve public health. As they sought to use a new structure and model to restore the health status of the society. The arrival of modern ideas from Europe was the main focus of these changes. The Qajar government's dealings with the western civilization brought about a kind of political-social disillusionment, the main result of which was to follow the example of European medical institutions and use macro strategies. For this purpose, the main question of the current research is, what measures and policies did the Qajar government use to improve the public health of the people? This article is done with the method of historical description and analysis and has investigated the claim that the Qajar government used three major strategies to improve the health status of the people, including improving the level of general and specialized knowledge, legislation and establishing medical institutions. Achieving this fact that the Qajar government, through macro strategies, was able to implement measures such as pest control and quarantine at the country level, is one of the achievements of this research. This article can be a good example and achievement for other researches in this field in various aspects of health, including health in different places, types of diseases, causes of diseases and treatment style of doctors.
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Mahdi Asadi; Fatemeh Kazemizadeh
Abstract
With the intensification of nationalism after the First World War and the increase of travel and cultural exchanges, the common feelings between the Persians of India and the supporters of archaic nationalism in Iran intensified. As a result of the growth of nationalism and attention to the issue of ...
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With the intensification of nationalism after the First World War and the increase of travel and cultural exchanges, the common feelings between the Persians of India and the supporters of archaic nationalism in Iran intensified. As a result of the growth of nationalism and attention to the issue of land and nationality, the Persians of India became more interested in their ancestral land and the possibility of returning to it, especially after the start of the war between Muslims and Hindus and the threat to their financial and life security. For intellectuals and supporters of modernism and archaic nationalists who sought strategies to reform Iran's economy and culture in order to overcome what they perceived as a long period of cultural decline, economic poverty, and political weakness, a greater relationship with the Persians of India and gaining support All-round efforts on their part could play an important role. The first Pahlavi government was also influenced by its nationalistic approach and economic policy, and was interested in the migration of Persians from India to Iran. The current research aims to answer this main question: What was the approach of the first Pahlavi government and the Persians of India to the issue of immigration to Iran? The findings of the research, based on first-hand sources and based on historical methods and on the basis of description and analysis, show that despite the initial inclinations of some Indian Persian leaders and the interest of Reza Shah and the comprehensive efforts of the first Pahlavi men's government This issue failed due to the conflict with the British policies in India, the lack of social justice in the eyes of Indian Parsis and the structure of the absolute Pahlavi government and the ambivalence among the Indian Parsis on this issue. the lack of social justice in the eyes of Indian Parsis and the structure of the absolute Pahlavi government and the ambivalence among the Indian Parsis on this issue.
Ahmad Heidari
Abstract
Kharg Island is one of the most important islands in the Persian Gulf. Throughout history, it has received attention because of being located on maritime trade routes and thus has numerous historical monuments. There are two important tombs in Kharg Island which are attributed to Palmyrene merchants. ...
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Kharg Island is one of the most important islands in the Persian Gulf. Throughout history, it has received attention because of being located on maritime trade routes and thus has numerous historical monuments. There are two important tombs in Kharg Island which are attributed to Palmyrene merchants. Evidence suggests that the island was inhabited during the Parthian and Sassanid eras and was an important trading and religious center. This research seeks to find out what relation the name Kharg bears to the state of Characene and to whom the graves belong. The article argues that the name Kharg is derived from the word Charax. It also demonstrates that the two large rock-cut tombs of Kharg Island, contrary to popular opinion, do not belong to Palmyrene merchants, but to an Iranian local ruler in the Persian Gulf. The motifs, form and structure of the graves indicate that the Eastern tomb probably is belong to Ananias and Southern tomb is graved in the first half of the second century AD and probably belong to Mithradates, a Parthian prince and ruler of Characene. The name of Kharg Island is also taken from the great king of Characene.
Ali Shojaee Esfahani
Abstract
Sofeh Mountain is a natural-historic landscape where its value lay on all the natural and cultural components of the landscape. Thus, in order to protect and preserve the landscape, it is necessary to identify, record, and study Sofeh landscape in its entirety. The core components of the landscape consisted ...
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Sofeh Mountain is a natural-historic landscape where its value lay on all the natural and cultural components of the landscape. Thus, in order to protect and preserve the landscape, it is necessary to identify, record, and study Sofeh landscape in its entirety. The core components of the landscape consisted of mainly architectural remains of the Shahdez fortress or the Div fortress on the crest, Takht-e Soleyman Palace on the slopy part and other scattered structures on lower slope and base of the mountain up to the Zayandeh-Rud river side. The archaeological evidence point to the profound knowledge of the lands' inhabitants into the environment and geographical potentials of Isfahan. The present article is an attempt to determine the role and position of the Sofeh landscape in different historical periods by examining written sources and conducting archaeological investigations. The detailed documentation of archaeological evidence and investigating their characteristics not only help us to gain insight into the life history of the landscape but also facilitate determining its natural and historic boundaries and defining the core and buffer zones of the site that was registered as a national heritage list in 2005. The study demonstrates that Sofeh Mountain and its architectural complex is one of the concert achievements of Isfahan's inhabitants where a symbiotic relation between mountains, plains and rivers had been realized. The Sofeh mountain with its strategic location has always maintained its close relation with the city and particularly during the flourishing periods of Isfahan in the Islamic era, it was able to provide security and facilities for the city and the surrounding areas.
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Abbas Mirzaei; Ali Balvardi
Abstract
Mourning ceremonies related to Muharram have had a special place in the Qajar period, but the views of the Qajar aristocracy and nobility with ordinary people about these ceremonies cannot be considered the same. These two classes have had different traditions in holding mourning ceremonies. In this ...
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Mourning ceremonies related to Muharram have had a special place in the Qajar period, but the views of the Qajar aristocracy and nobility with ordinary people about these ceremonies cannot be considered the same. These two classes have had different traditions in holding mourning ceremonies. In this article, this issue was studied based on the reports written by the foreign travel writers of the Qajar period and it was tried to answer the question of what differences there have been between the mourning traditions of the Qajar aristocracy and nobility and ordinary people based on these travelogues. This hypothesis was followed that the aristocracy and nobility probably held mourning traditions at a different level from that of ordinary people in terms of rituals, luxuries, and expenses because of having greater access to wealth resources. Hence, by examining 22 travelogues, which were based on the travel writers’ objective observations, it was concluded that the aristocracy and nobility differed from ordinary people in terms of their mourning places and forms, as well as expenses. They followed different rituals and customs when holding these ceremonies.
Mahdi Rahimpoor; asghar salahi
Abstract
Nizari is one of the famous Persian poets of the seventh and eighth centuries AH. Many of his works are still extant in various forms. His sonnets, quatrains, and masnavi poems have been published, but his other poems have not yet been published. In some of the manuscripts of Nizari’s collection ...
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Nizari is one of the famous Persian poets of the seventh and eighth centuries AH. Many of his works are still extant in various forms. His sonnets, quatrains, and masnavi poems have been published, but his other poems have not yet been published. In some of the manuscripts of Nizari’s collection of works, there are verses that cannot be found in the printed versions. One of these manuscripts is kept in Churom Hasanpasa Library in Turkey. This article mentions some important differences between the aforesaid manuscript and the published works. It argues that the manuscript is more credible than the printed copies. It should be noted that among Nizari’s works, what is studied in this article are his sonnets, Safarnama, Munazara-yi Shab wa Rūz, and his letters.
Mahmoud Fazilat; diana mahmoud
Abstract
Comparative literature is one of the most important topics in literary research, it can show the mutual influence of literature between different countries. On the other hand, the story and storytelling are the most important elements of literature, and knowing the elements of the story will lead to ...
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Comparative literature is one of the most important topics in literary research, it can show the mutual influence of literature between different countries. On the other hand, the story and storytelling are the most important elements of literature, and knowing the elements of the story will lead to a better understanding of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the differences and commonalities in the style and elements of the story with comparative study in the story elements of the first collection of short stories by two writers from Iran and Syria, "The Quenched Fire [Atash-e Khamoosh]" by Simin Daneshvar and "Maraya al-nas [People's Mirrors]" by Widad Sakakini. The ancient literature in Iran and Syria is connected with the concept of storytelling and anecdote, and both countries simultaneously got familiar with the phenomenon of short story as a contemporary literary type. Storytelling experiences in these two countries began with male writers, but eventually, women writers joined the ranks. In Iran in 1948, Simin Daneshvar published her collection "The Quenched Fire [Atash-e Khamoosh]", which was the first collection of persian short stories written by a woman, gave the hope for the emergence of a female storyteller. In Syria, the pioneer of story writing among women was widad Sakakini, who first published her stories in the weekly story column in some magazines, and then published her first collection of stories, Maraya al-Nas (Mirrors of the People) in 1945/1324. Among the first collection of short stories by women writers in Iran and Syria, there are many commonalities that indicate special story writing in the period of essay writing and report writing, and they have benefited less from the practical techniques of artistic short stories, but they are very important; Because they are among the pioneers of short stories and have made a great impact on story.
farhad saboorifar; reza mohammadi; Ali zareei
Abstract
Cheetahs are of the endangered species of Iran. Not only are they a part of the natural history of this land, but they play a role in our culture and civilization. Therefore, the present study, using historical sources and references, intends to study the position of cheetahs in the history of Iran and ...
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Cheetahs are of the endangered species of Iran. Not only are they a part of the natural history of this land, but they play a role in our culture and civilization. Therefore, the present study, using historical sources and references, intends to study the position of cheetahs in the history of Iran and to answer the fundamental question of what position and functions this animal has had in Iranian history. The findings of the study suggest that in Iran’s history, the cheetah has been used as a hunting animal and in some cases was sent to the kings as a precious gift. Even during the Mongol era, a fixed tax was obtained from the provinces where cheetahs lived. In addition, our poetry and prose have been influenced by the cheetah so that many references to it can be found in our literature.
Hamidreza Peighambari; Leila Makvandi
Abstract
The Early history of the Persian Gulf is focused on the substantial political and economic role of Mesopotamia and its relations with Dilmun (Bahrain), Magan (Oman) and Meluhha (Indus valley). Therefore, the role of Elamites and the other people from Northern coasts of the Persian Gulf has remained obscure ...
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The Early history of the Persian Gulf is focused on the substantial political and economic role of Mesopotamia and its relations with Dilmun (Bahrain), Magan (Oman) and Meluhha (Indus valley). Therefore, the role of Elamites and the other people from Northern coasts of the Persian Gulf has remained obscure and unclear. One of the unanswered questions is about the maritime activities of these people. The present article is an attempt to answer this question, and in order to determine the role of the “Elamite Confederation” in Persian Gulf trade, it emphasizes on the necessity of revising the common understanding through the use of historical analysis and archaeological data. This research indicates that Mesopotamian sources reflect only a part of the history of “Lower Sea” (Persian Gulf), which mainly refers to their commerce with the southern coasts. But the scattered information about the eastern places in the same sources and the archaeological data based on the analysis of minerals and objects made of semi-precious stones such as lapis lazuli and Chlorite, indicate the importance of those lands. The waterway for exchange of these resources and commodities, which passed through Susa and the coasts of Fars (Anshan), especially Liyan (Bushehr), like the land routes, were influenced by the political rivalries and enmity of Elamites and Mesopotamians, but was very prosperous in periods. Those periods are historically consistent with the Sukkalmah and Shutrukid dynasties, in which Elamite relationship extended to Bahrain and Oman as well. Thus, in spite of strong political and economic relations between Mesopotamia and southern coasts of “Lower Sea”, power dynamics in the region frequently changed in favor of Elamites and with this knowledge, we can now say that the gainful Sea trade has not been in the hands of Mesopotamia, as Mesopotamian sources inculcate
Rasoul Arabkhani; hasan smaeili
Abstract
Zanjan, formerly known as Khamseh, has been known as the main settlement of the Afshar tribe since the middle Ages in Iran. From the Safavid era onwards, especially since the Qajar era, Afshar tribesmen played an important role in the socio-political events of Iran. The emergence of ruling families and ...
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Zanjan, formerly known as Khamseh, has been known as the main settlement of the Afshar tribe since the middle Ages in Iran. From the Safavid era onwards, especially since the Qajar era, Afshar tribesmen played an important role in the socio-political events of Iran. The emergence of ruling families and influential political-military figures among Afshar tribes of Khamseh indicates the high level of their influence on the power structure of Iran. How the Afshars of Khamseh, as one of the most influential local powers in terms of relations with the central government, interacted with the Qajar dynasty is an issue that we intend to address in this article. The geographical and strategic conditions of Khamseh, the local and deep-rooted influence of the Afshars of Khamseh, along with some other influential factors such as economic and military capabilities of this land, played an important role in shaping political relations between Afshars and the central government of Iran. In this study, while examining the historical roots of the Afshars’ influence in Khamseh, we try to explain the relationship between this local family and the central government and its effects on the political developments of the Qajar era.
Yaser Mollazaei; Farajollah Ahmadi
Abstract
According to historical and geographical sources, Makran province in southern Iran has a large territory. This region was linked to Sistan in the north, Kerman in the west, the sea in the south, and the Indus River basin in the east. The expansion of the Makran region in the southeast of Iran, its connection ...
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According to historical and geographical sources, Makran province in southern Iran has a large territory. This region was linked to Sistan in the north, Kerman in the west, the sea in the south, and the Indus River basin in the east. The expansion of the Makran region in the southeast of Iran, its connection with the sea, as well as its border location with the eastern and southern neighbors of Iran, provided the basis for the creation and development of numerous cities and settlements in Makran. Communication was important and prestigious, the city of Kech was in the center of this stateAdapting the name of this city in many historical and geographical texts from the 7th century AH to the 12th century AH, especially in the sources of the Safavid era, a place named "Kech and Makran" was formed in the mental geography of historians and geographers. Based on this, how the continuation and transformation of this place name in historical and geographical sources has formed the issue of future research. The repeated reflection of the place name "Kech and Makran" in the historical and geographical sources of the 7th to 12th century AH, especially the sources of the Safavid era, raises the question of what geographical area the place name "Kech and Makran" is applied to and how its semantic load is in the historical sources and Geographical continuity and evolution? The following article is organized by the method of describing historical and geographical data and then analyzing them through matching and comparing the data available in historical texts, especially manuscripts, geographical texts, historical maps, travelogues, as well as some examples of interviews with local experts. The result of this article shows that the political and communication importance of the city of Kech in the early to middle Islamic centuries provided the context for the first time in the official reports of the historical and geographical sources of the 7th and 8th centuries A.H. to establish a link between its name and the name of Makran And the name "Kech and Makran" should be mentioned as another name of Makran state. Adapted from these official reports, the use of the place name "Kech and Makran" as another name of the Makran state was not only continued in the sources of the following centuries, but in the Safavid era, along with this continuity, there was also a change in it, based on which, This place was also known as another name of Kech city..
mohammad keshavarz beyzai; Reza moeini Roodbali
Abstract
Forsat-od-Dowleh Shirazi, a historian, scholar, poet, painter, musician and modernist artist, wrote The Works of Ajam at the end of the Qajar dynasty. He employed so many of the principles of modern historiography in his book. This research concentrates on the method and insight of Forsat-od-Dowleh Shirazi ...
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Forsat-od-Dowleh Shirazi, a historian, scholar, poet, painter, musician and modernist artist, wrote The Works of Ajam at the end of the Qajar dynasty. He employed so many of the principles of modern historiography in his book. This research concentrates on the method and insight of Forsat-od-Dowleh Shirazi in his historiography. The article demonstrates that he was familiar with the principles of the knowledge of modern historiography and observed them in his book. These principles include analysis of events, teamwork, knowledge of ancient scripts, and simplicity in writing style. The article argues that although the author followed some traditional principles of historiography, such as quoting Arabic and Persian poems, he provided a model for modernist historiography in Iran.
Mahdi OlyaeiMoghaddam
Abstract
The Secret of Midnight, consisting of 16 poems, is the first collection of poetry that Mohammad-e Moghaddam published in short-term period of his career as poet. With respect to lineation and ending the line, the collection is significant experience in Persian free verse history. Being strongly ...
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The Secret of Midnight, consisting of 16 poems, is the first collection of poetry that Mohammad-e Moghaddam published in short-term period of his career as poet. With respect to lineation and ending the line, the collection is significant experience in Persian free verse history. Being strongly influenced by English modernist poets in the early decades of twentieth century, Moghaddam experienced some types of lineation in his poems which was without precedent in Persian poetry. All of the efforts to make lineation in poetry before him mostly was restricted to the traditional methods, but his venture in the collection introduced new way to the next generations of free verse poets. Making lines with applying different kinds of meters entailed some of Moghaddam's poems involving diversity of meters at the same poem and this method was kept by other free verse poets among some of the following modernist poets as creative technique. The manner of ending the line in some Moghaddam's poems according to Nima Yushidj, before publishing Nima's works is the unknown aspect of The Secret of Midnight. .
mohsen lotfabadi; Ataollah Hassani
Abstract
The Armenians of Isfahan played an active role in Iranian culture in the Safavid era. After migrating from Julfa and the Caucasus and settling in Isfahan during the reign of Shah Abbas I, they intended to preserve their culture and identity through their educational system. Features and dimensions of ...
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The Armenians of Isfahan played an active role in Iranian culture in the Safavid era. After migrating from Julfa and the Caucasus and settling in Isfahan during the reign of Shah Abbas I, they intended to preserve their culture and identity through their educational system. Features and dimensions of their education and their place in the educational system of that era are topics to which researchers have not paid much attention up to now. In this article, these topics are discussed based on the data collected from reliable books and documents. The results indicate that the Armenians of Julfa, in order to preserve their religion and beliefs, established their educational system with the support of the Safavid government of that time; meanwhile the churches and schools were running educational affairs, and some schools were built in the grounds of the churches. Thus, religion was the prominent subject in the Armenian educational system, yet some non-religious sciences were taught too, especially commerce. Of course, the presence of different Catholic sects in Isfahan influenced the competition between them.
Mohammad hasan Jalalian Chaleshtari
Abstract
Middle Persian texts, including inscriptions, Manichaean, psalm, and Pahlavi texts, still contain many unread or misread words. Due to the many problems of the Pahlavi script, among all the Middle Persian texts, there are more ambiguities in reading and more multiplicity and variety of translations of ...
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Middle Persian texts, including inscriptions, Manichaean, psalm, and Pahlavi texts, still contain many unread or misread words. Due to the many problems of the Pahlavi script, among all the Middle Persian texts, there are more ambiguities in reading and more multiplicity and variety of translations of the Zoroastrian or Pahlavi texts. In this article, one word of Zand of Vandidad and Šāyast-nē-šāyast and three words of Bundahišn have been read and a new reading has been suggested for each of them. The solution of reading these words and similar words in Pahlavi texts, in addition to using textual evidence and linguistic issues, is to review their written form in the manuscripts and to consider various possibilities of their transliteration. Attempts have been made to make each reading in maximum conformity with the written form in the manuscripts, and in case of correction of the word and deviation from the manuscript recording, sufficient reasons whould be provided to justify the proposed reading.
Hossein Mesbahian
Abstract
This paper seeks to provide a deconstructive account of a familiar term in Iranian terminology, i.e. “ghereshmari” (non-recognition), in order to demonstrate that in the absence of a phenomenological revelation and subsequent emphasis on the implications of this concept in our current ...
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This paper seeks to provide a deconstructive account of a familiar term in Iranian terminology, i.e. “ghereshmari” (non-recognition), in order to demonstrate that in the absence of a phenomenological revelation and subsequent emphasis on the implications of this concept in our current historical situation, surrendering to the Eurocentric notion of universalism seems inevitable. By appropriating Derrida’s enigmatic notion of “to come” in a wholly different context, this paper argues that non-recognition is maintained by a logic of auto-immunization: similar to the self-destructive process in which a body’s immune system reacts against its own cells, non-recognition, which is always threatened by its own internal logic, contains its own resources by which it can defend itself in the face of its peril and thereby maintain its status as that which is “to come.” My appropriation of the term “to come,” which succumbs neither to non-recognition nor to the claims of universalization from above, can be called “universalization from below.”
Noor al-Din Nemati; Rahil Asgari; Seamak Rafeiey
Abstract
The constitutional revolution was one of the hallmarks of the Iranian modern history and led to a series of groundbreaking changes in the social and political structure of this country; even though, after many ups and downs, this movement eventually distanced itself from its main objectives. The importance ...
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The constitutional revolution was one of the hallmarks of the Iranian modern history and led to a series of groundbreaking changes in the social and political structure of this country; even though, after many ups and downs, this movement eventually distanced itself from its main objectives. The importance of this period has caused many historians and researchers to participate in defining its complications, but among them, Fereydoun Adamiyat has been recognized as one of the first and best. In this paper, we review his works and thoughts with a critical approach and go through the circumstances in which the constitutional revolution formed and evolved according to his historiography. At the same time, his political views and way of thinking and his social background, upbringing, and education are taken into account in order to better understand his stance regarding the constitutional events and their participants. Adamiyat’s works have more been praised for their comprehensive analysis, rather than criticized, so it seems necessary to write this paper with the aforesaid specific intention.
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azar ardianian; foad pouraryan; mirhadi hoseeini; hossein moftakhari
Abstract
The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant ...
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The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant factor for strengthening the body of military authority of the Pahlavi government, which has great impacts on the political, social and historical transformation of Iran specially in that period of restless caused by the initiation of the second world wars. since the international issues were changing rapidly and Iran, in a special geographical position, was attracting the attention of powerful governments in order to protect their interests in the Middle East. In terms of this point of view, paying attention to this crucial element was very important in the continuation of the political rule of the first Pahlavi government so neglecting this matter, was not possible.
Based on library sources, descriptive-analytical and cliometric method, the current research is seeking to answer these questions: what were the effects of telegraph network development during the Pahlavi regime? And the budget allocated to this ministry was in line with the development of military power or not? The findings indicate that Reza Shah's efforts to modernize Iran led to the development of the telegraph network as a very practical facility, which was not only as a result of expanding the lines caused by international political conditions, but also a factor for Iran's reformation and revolution in the middle of that time. This network was considered as one of the main components of the expansion of military rule in the country, however, its budget did not grow significantly during Reza Shah's sovereignty. But the budget of the ministry did not grow significantly. The significance of the present research is that it can provide valuable information based on the published statistics related to the dedicated budget to this ministry in the first Pahlavi era and clarify the ambiguous political and social aspects of the society.
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sima rahmanifar; hossein ghasemi
Abstract
Examining ancient fiction texts as a source for reflecting the political, social and cultural conditions of the past ages can, in addition to being a confirmation of other historiography sources, also reveal the thoughts of their creators, as the people of the pen and knowledge of those times. The tale ...
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Examining ancient fiction texts as a source for reflecting the political, social and cultural conditions of the past ages can, in addition to being a confirmation of other historiography sources, also reveal the thoughts of their creators, as the people of the pen and knowledge of those times. The tale of the mouse and the cat by Sheikh Bahae is one of these fictional texts that includes elements, components, and thoughts that can be directly related to the social and cultural conditions of the time of its creation, that is, the period The reign of Shah-Abbas I, and especially the opinions of its founder, Sheikh Baha'i, were examined. Based on this, the main questions of the upcoming research are what conclusions can be reached from the historical analysis of the above-mentioned story about the place of Sufism in this period, especially in contrast with Sharia, and how the literary text can be used to reflect a specific ideology and discourse. In a period, slow down? Also, what was Sheikh Baha'i's approach regarding the two intellectual spectrums of Sharia and Sufism with regard to his political-religious position? It seems that according to the situation in Iran during the Safavid era and especially during the reign of Shah Abbas I, it is possible to find the definite dominance of the jurisprudence system (symbolized by the cat in the story) over the elements of Sufism (symbolized by the mouse in the story) in this story. He proved the claim with the conversations and evidence provided by the mouse and the cat and also the end of the story. In fact, the early period of Safavid rule can be considered as the dominance of the Sufi system, the period of its continuation, the weakening of this system and the period of its fall with the definitive and final victory of the jurisprudence system and the expulsion of Sufis and Sufis from the sphere of power.
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Javad Rashki Aliabad; jamshid noroozi
Abstract
POSITION AND IMPORTANCE OF VERSIFIED HISTORIES OF SAFAVID DYNASTY AND DESCRIPTION OF THEIR HISTORIOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
Position and lmportance of Versified Histories of Safavid dynasty and Description of Their historiographical Features
Abstract
The Mongols age was followed by the flourishment of ...
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POSITION AND IMPORTANCE OF VERSIFIED HISTORIES OF SAFAVID DYNASTY AND DESCRIPTION OF THEIR HISTORIOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
Position and lmportance of Versified Histories of Safavid dynasty and Description of Their historiographical Features
Abstract
The Mongols age was followed by the flourishment of the versified histories like Shahnameh and Eskandarnameh. In this regard, during the Safavid dynasty, a considerable number of historical texts were created in this literary genre. The Historical Shahnameh (history of kings through poetry) created during the Safavid era inherited many of the characteristics of this genre from the historical texts of the previous ages. Nonetheless, due to the specific features of the Safavid dynasty, these literary works had some distinct features and differences compared to the works of the earlier ages. The present paper is done the descriptive-analytical method based on library sourced and investigates the versified histories about the Safavid dynasty, which have been versified in this period. In fact, the purpose of this paper is to introduce the versified histories of this era and show what characteristics and importance their historical content has in historiography of the Safavid era. A total of 9 versified histories in the Safavid era have been investigated which mainly describe historical actions and wars in terms of content. Based on the motivation of the poets of this texts for highlight and eternalize the name of the kings and historical events about them, It can be said that although this texts have historical information but this were created based on the attract please the rulers. However, versified histories of this period are of particular importance by having some first-hand historical data about some events and topics of the Safavid era, helping to confirm or correct the information of prose historical sources and filing some information gaps.
Keywords: Versified Historiography, Safavid Dynasty, Shahnameh, Eskandarnameh
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kurosh salehi
Abstract
The effect of expanding the scope of central security on Iran's economic situation during the period of Shah Abbas I
Abstract
The effect of expanding the scope of central security during the period of Shah Abbas I had a valuable role on the order and order of affairs and commercial prosperity. ...
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The effect of expanding the scope of central security on Iran's economic situation during the period of Shah Abbas I
Abstract
The effect of expanding the scope of central security during the period of Shah Abbas I had a valuable role on the order and order of affairs and commercial prosperity. Considering the significant increase in the power of the local tribal centers and the relative passivity of the central government towards these centers in previous periods; The general development of the country's security and the important issue of economic prosperity in this domain; It was considered the most important factor in changing the general situation. With the accession of Shah Abbas I, this cycle underwent a general change, and the change in the formation of ethnic groups, ways and internal security equations and its supervision was the main part of these changes. This research, organized by historical method, revolves around the question, what was Shah Abbas I's goal of expanding the scope of central security? Based; The purpose of choosing the new capital, migration and arrangement of ethnic groups in the capital and the roads leading to it, paying attention to the roads, building numerous caravanserais, eliminating the sources of insecurity and strengthening the central security of the government; It was one of the most important measures of Shah Abbas I towards economic prosperity of the country. The result of the research shows that these measures of the security sector caused the formation of a new atmosphere in the field of general security and the important principle of the movement of commercial caravans and the expansion of the scope of citizenship laws in a way that in a relatively short period of time, the general atmosphere of the country towards balance and the speed of economic prosperity progress has been made.
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Somayeh Mashayekh; Zohreh Zarshenas
Abstract
Sogdian manuscripts are sorted on different subjects, Sogdian Tales could be distinguished as a genre among them. Henning was the pioneer researcher who traced the Footsteps of Panchatantra stories back in Sogdian Tales. Brief narrations from the main story are one of their characteristics. Fragment ...
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Sogdian manuscripts are sorted on different subjects, Sogdian Tales could be distinguished as a genre among them. Henning was the pioneer researcher who traced the Footsteps of Panchatantra stories back in Sogdian Tales. Brief narrations from the main story are one of their characteristics. Fragment SI 5704,(a document originally based on Nikolai Nikolaevich Krotkov collection which has been later denoted to the Academy of Science) has been detected as a Sogdian short narration of the 13th story of the first Book of Panchatantra is “The story of a tortoise fallen from the wood”. In the Sanskrit text Viṣṇuśarman, an octogenarian Brahmin who is known as the original Autor of the Book, cites a wise quotation from a person called “Manu”, which is not cited in the Sogdiann Tale. According to Hindu Myths, there are many terms refering to,”Manu”: He is the archetypal man in Indo-Germanic languages its meaning sways between “man” and “Human” .There are also 14 mythical rulers of the World named Manu which will rule over the World a Manvantara. The seventh Manu corresponds to the Biblical and Quranic figure Noah. Each Manu rules a Manvantara which is 306,720,000 years. At our age the seventh Manu is the mythical ruler of the World. In Monier Williams Dictionary, the meaning of Manu is addressed as “The man par excellence” this very same definition is used by Ibn Arabi to describe the “Khalif” or the Term الانسان الکامل is the reason of the creation. This paper addresses the meaning to identify the identification of “Manu” with Ibn-Arabi`s “الانسان الکامل” according to the Perennial Philosophy which is usually taken to indicate that some sort of continuous Theme runs throughout the history of philosophy, that certain enduring and lasting truths are recognizable in the philosophical writings of all historical periods by Tracing MANU`s real Identity. 2- Tracing Manu`s etymology in Indo-Germanic Languages. 3- Proof his identity back in Sanskrit sacred soursec.4- Searching an Alter Ego for him. 5- finding his relation to Al-īnsān Al-kāmel reagarding to him as first Man and Adam the first Man, as a Khalīf in Ibn Arabis thoughts.
