Click subject name to see related articles.
nilofar mosavi; Hassan Zandiyeh; amirtymour rafiei; hamidreza safakish
Abstract
Abstractthe Belief in astronomical laws and the influence of heavenly objects on human life is the Iranian’s oldest beliefs. This belief is not only an important part of popular culture but also, it always had a lot of influence and expansion on government’s different levels. various aspects ...
Read More
Abstractthe Belief in astronomical laws and the influence of heavenly objects on human life is the Iranian’s oldest beliefs. This belief is not only an important part of popular culture but also, it always had a lot of influence and expansion on government’s different levels. various aspects of political life and the society of the people in Qajar era are such as ,Using the rules of astrology in campaigns, making treaties, war and peace, sitting on the royal throne, hunting, traveling, shopping, trading, education, prayer, treatment of diseases, marriage, etc. Believing in the auspiciousness and bad luck of days was an important part of their beliefs and the effects of heavens; which was mixed with some religious rules over time. Such a belief created decisions, actions and knowledge in accordance with the traditional discourse of the society on the subject of astronomical rulings, which manifested itself in various aspects of political and social life. Therefore, the current research tries to answer this question, what were the socio-political foundations of the belief in good and bad luck from a historical perspective in this period, and what consequences did this issue have on the political and social life of Iranians during the Qajar era? This research has described, analysed and explained the traditional dominant discourse of the society with the constructivist methodology on the two levels of action and structure on the subject of good and bad luck days and its consequences from the view of superstition paradigm. Based on research findings, psychological factors such as fear, submission and fatalism along with scientific ignorance and resistance to new ideas, lack of organized education system, lack of public and government treatment services, political unrest, famine and economic problems, tyranny, The oppression and low status of women in this period had led to the spread of the belief in the bad themes, and the determination of good times in the calendars of this period played an effective role in the continuation and spread of this belief.
Click subject name to see related articles.
Abbas Mirzaei; Ali Balvardi
Abstract
Mourning ceremonies related to Muharram have had a special place in the Qajar period, but the views of the Qajar aristocracy and nobility with ordinary people about these ceremonies cannot be considered the same. These two classes have had different traditions in holding mourning ceremonies. In this ...
Read More
Mourning ceremonies related to Muharram have had a special place in the Qajar period, but the views of the Qajar aristocracy and nobility with ordinary people about these ceremonies cannot be considered the same. These two classes have had different traditions in holding mourning ceremonies. In this article, this issue was studied based on the reports written by the foreign travel writers of the Qajar period and it was tried to answer the question of what differences there have been between the mourning traditions of the Qajar aristocracy and nobility and ordinary people based on these travelogues. This hypothesis was followed that the aristocracy and nobility probably held mourning traditions at a different level from that of ordinary people in terms of rituals, luxuries, and expenses because of having greater access to wealth resources. Hence, by examining 22 travelogues, which were based on the travel writers’ objective observations, it was concluded that the aristocracy and nobility differed from ordinary people in terms of their mourning places and forms, as well as expenses. They followed different rituals and customs when holding these ceremonies.
Click subject name to see related articles.
shirzad ehsan khah; monireh kazemi arshad; hassan Zandiyehh; manijeh sadri
Abstract
During the Qajar period, due to the emergence and expansion of capitalism and the globalization of the economy, the country's border gates were opened to other countries. In the meantime, Kermanshah, as one of the most important border routes in the country, had a significant share. And in confrontation ...
Read More
During the Qajar period, due to the emergence and expansion of capitalism and the globalization of the economy, the country's border gates were opened to other countries. In the meantime, Kermanshah, as one of the most important border routes in the country, had a significant share. And in confrontation and interaction with the Ottoman government and through it, in contact with other European countries. The arrival of representatives of foreign countries (merchants, Orientalists, religious missionaries, etc.), the establishment of offices such as the Telegraph, the bank, the consulate, etc. The import of Western goods (British fabrics, Turkish tobacco, Danish beers, etc.) led to Manifestations of Western culture are prevalent in this state. The new urban structure and architecture, the grounds for further expansion of Shiism, the introduction of antiquities at the world level, etc. were other cultural consequences of these relations. This research has been done based on travelogues, memoirs, documents, and other sources in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural developments in Kermanshah province in relation to foreign relations in one of the most important periods of Iranian history. Findings show that Iran's foreign relations with European and Ottoman countries, caused other cultural developments such as health promotion, the establishment of schools with new educational content, the formation of the Kermanshah dialect and
الهه Panjehbashi
Abstract
Apart from the artistic and historical aspects, paintings are one of the cultural, artistic and literary manifestations in different periods of Iranian art history. The first aspect of the importance of these issues is the connection with the rich Iranian literature and the transmission of literature ...
Read More
Apart from the artistic and historical aspects, paintings are one of the cultural, artistic and literary manifestations in different periods of Iranian art history. The first aspect of the importance of these issues is the connection with the rich Iranian literature and the transmission of literature and cultural and artistic traditions of different periods. The study of these works can be important for their conceptual, symbolic, literary and decorative features and visual features. One of the examples of the connection between Qajar painting and literature is the manuscript that was painted by an artist named Karamali in the Qajar period and no specific information about his life is available. The painting, numbered LOT144 R, sold for 6 6,000 at the 2018 Bonhams Auction in London. This copy was made and customized for Mirza Mahmoud Khan, the representative of Iran in The Hague, the Netherlands. This version has 24 images, 9 of which were sold at auction and its images are available. The purpose of this research is to find out the characteristics of Lily Majnoon version related to the Qajar period, which features are influenced by its period. The question of this research is what visual features does this Qajar version of Lily Majnoon have and what effect does it reflect on the atmosphere of her time in painting? The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical using library resources and reviewing the linear sample of Bonhams auction and the method of analysis is based on the principles and visual rules used in the manuscript and its appearance features. The necessity and importance of research is that this rare Qajar version has not been introduced and studied so far and reflects the cultural and artistic features of the Qajar period in linear painting of this period and shows the necessity of this research.
Rasoul Arabkhani; hasan smaeili
Abstract
Zanjan, formerly known as Khamseh, has been known as the main settlement of the Afshar tribe since the middle Ages in Iran. From the Safavid era onwards, especially since the Qajar era, Afshar tribesmen played an important role in the socio-political events of Iran. The emergence of ruling families and ...
Read More
Zanjan, formerly known as Khamseh, has been known as the main settlement of the Afshar tribe since the middle Ages in Iran. From the Safavid era onwards, especially since the Qajar era, Afshar tribesmen played an important role in the socio-political events of Iran. The emergence of ruling families and influential political-military figures among Afshar tribes of Khamseh indicates the high level of their influence on the power structure of Iran. How the Afshars of Khamseh, as one of the most influential local powers in terms of relations with the central government, interacted with the Qajar dynasty is an issue that we intend to address in this article. The geographical and strategic conditions of Khamseh, the local and deep-rooted influence of the Afshars of Khamseh, along with some other influential factors such as economic and military capabilities of this land, played an important role in shaping political relations between Afshars and the central government of Iran. In this study, while examining the historical roots of the Afshars’ influence in Khamseh, we try to explain the relationship between this local family and the central government and its effects on the political developments of the Qajar era.
Shirzad Ehsan Khah; Monireh Kazemi Rashid; Hassan Zandiyeh; Manijeh Sadri
Abstract
During the Qajar dynasty (1789 to 1925), due to events such as the rise of capitalism and the globalization of economy, Iran’s frontier opened to other countries. Kermanshah was one of the most important border cities in the country. Changes in economic infrastructure, trade boom, entry of foreign ...
Read More
During the Qajar dynasty (1789 to 1925), due to events such as the rise of capitalism and the globalization of economy, Iran’s frontier opened to other countries. Kermanshah was one of the most important border cities in the country. Changes in economic infrastructure, trade boom, entry of foreign and non-native people into trade, production of export goods etc. were the economic consequences of these foreign affairs. This research adopts descriptive-analytical and library methods to study travelogues, diaries, documents, and other sources. The purpose of this study is to examine the economic changes of this state due to foreign affairs in one of the most important periods of Iranian history, namely the Qajar dynasty. The findings demonstrate that Iran’s foreign affairs with European and Ottoman countries brought about economic developments, including the entry of non-native people living inside and outside the country into trade, which led to the monopoly of non-native families, such as the Ottoman family of Vakil ul-Dola, Tabrizi merchants, and the Jews of Baghdad. The commercial infrastructures such as markets, inns, bureaucracies, taxation, and manufacturing workshops developed. Increased production of export goods such as carpet and opium were among the other economic consequences of foreign affairs in the state.
Elaheh Panjehbashi
Abstract
In modern times, sign has been the center of human’s attention and is among the topics that have undergone thorough rethinking. Qajar painting has witnessed the development of semiotic readings in recent decades. Abundantly seen in Qajar painting, bird is one of the main signs in Qajar period. ...
Read More
In modern times, sign has been the center of human’s attention and is among the topics that have undergone thorough rethinking. Qajar painting has witnessed the development of semiotic readings in recent decades. Abundantly seen in Qajar painting, bird is one of the main signs in Qajar period. Adopting iconographic interpretation, Erwin Panofsky (1892-1968) relates studies on the history of art with other studies of humanities. In comparative studies, we do not always examine formal qualities of an artwork, but find relations between the work and literature, philosophy, social system, and other cultural systems of its era, whether the artist had such an intention or not. To do so, the research analyzes the key concepts of Panofsky’s theory. Based on this analysis, the main question of the research is as follows: According to Panofsky, what is the signification of bird in the portraits of men and women of the court in the Qajar era? The content of this research is qualitative and based on descriptive-analytic methodology and the method of library data collection. The findings indicate that the norms of aesthetics of Iran in the preceding periods influenced the display and presence of bird in Qajar art. In these works, bird acts as an active and dynamic symbol that is in balance with the painting and manifested in the evolution of the final process of the portrait.
shahram yousefifar
Abstract
Social studies in Iran have focused on today’s situation and, for various reasons, have been ignorant of historical approaches. Since the nineteenth century, due to Iran’s extensive contacts with the West, many social macroeconomic problems have emerged, and some of them have played a crucial ...
Read More
Social studies in Iran have focused on today’s situation and, for various reasons, have been ignorant of historical approaches. Since the nineteenth century, due to Iran’s extensive contacts with the West, many social macroeconomic problems have emerged, and some of them have played a crucial role in the production of social structures and social relations, hence the full understanding of today’s major social problems needs the understanding of the complexities and evolution of historical problems up to this day. Such an understanding, however, is difficult to arrive at since identifying and describing the historical issues of each period is heavily influenced by the thinking system of the socio-political power of its time. In this research, a categorization of issues is presented based on a source containing unique data from the challenges and issues of the early twentieth century Iran. The archived documents of the Divan-e Adliyeh Aazam, based on their legal and judicial nature, provide a set of data that will answer the question as to what were the macrosocial issues of Iran in the period under consideration.
