Iranian Studies

Abstract Apart from the artistic and historical aspects, paintings are one of the cultural, artistic and literary manifestations in different periods of Iranian art history. The first aspect of the importance of these issues is the connection with the rich Iranian literature and the transmission of literature and cultural and artistic traditions of different periods. The study of these works can be important for their conceptual, symbolic, literary and decorative features and visual features. One of the examples of the connection between Qajar painting and literature is the manuscript that was painted by an artist named Karamali in the Qajar period and no specific information about his life is available. The painting, numbered LOT144 R, sold for 6 6,000 at the 2018 Bonhams Auction in London. This copy was made and customized for Mirza Mahmoud Khan, the representative of Iran in The Hague, the Netherlands. This version has 24 images, 9 of which were sold at auction and its images are available. The purpose of this research is to find out the characteristics of Lily Majnoon version related to the Qajar period, which features are influenced by its period. The question of this research is what visual features does this Qajar version of Lily Majnoon have and what effect does it reflect on the atmosphere of her time in painting? The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical using library resources and reviewing the linear sample of Bonhams auction and the method of analysis is based on the principles and visual rules used in the manuscript and its appearance features. The necessity and importance of research is that this rare Qajar version has not been introduced and studied so far and reflects the cultural and artistic features of the Qajar period in linear painting of this period and shows the necessity of this research.
 

Abstract Philology means the study of culture through language and attention to the linguistic nature of culture. Philology has been a major part of European Orientalism since the 18th century. Attention to Eastern languages began with biblical studies, with the advent of philology gradually separating its path from theology and becoming a way of understanding Eastern languages and texts. The need to learn Arabic, Persian and other Eastern languages led to the establishment of schools in Europe. It started in France but continued in Germany. In this article, after a brief overview of Orientalism and expressing the turning points of Iranian studies in Germany, the academic tradition of philology is explained in detail. Then, the importance of the philological method in the two traditions of German Orientalism (romantic and philological) is illustrated. The Romantic tradition relies more on the translation of Oriental texts and uses philology as a means of improving the quality of translation. The philological tradition seeks the historical reconstruction of text and language, and follows a neat trajectory. The importance of the philological method is attention to the text and its context. Classical philology, with its teaching of Oriental languages and manuscripts, has provided rich sources, from dictionaries to catalogs and corrected texts. In this tradition, the analysis of the Quran and the reconstruction of its context play a pivotal role. The importance of the philological tradition in the study of the sacred text is the abandonment of the concept of sanctity, which makes it possible to research the context and details of the text. This article deals with the genealogy of German philologists and the classification of their services at the levels of translation, cataloging, and proofreading of Persian and Arabic texts, and shows its evolution from the first generation to the golden age in the twentieth century. The focus of the article is on correcting mystical and Islamic texts and the projects of German-speaking orientalists in this field.