Iranian Studies

Application of Zar ritual in the banks and back banks of the Persian Gulf

hamid asadpour; Farajolah Ahmadi; hossein Eskandari

Volume 14, Issue 3 , December 2024, , Pages 75-96

https://doi.org/10.22059/jis.2023.349984.1162

Abstract

AbstractMigrations have had political, social, economic, and cultural effects, either intentionally or unintentionally. As the effectiveness of the migration phenomenon, especially ... Read More AbstractMigrations have had political, social, economic, and cultural effects, either intentionally or unintentionally. As the effectiveness of the migration phenomenon, especially in the cultural aspect, is one of the important and significant issues. As an important waterway, the Persian Gulf has been a meeting place of various cultures not only politically and economically, but also culturally. One of these cases is the generally unwanted migration of people of African descent, especially from the eastern parts of this continent, to the shores and rear shores of the Persian Gulf centuries ago and especially in the last two centuries. In addition to being influenced by the residents of these areas, this group has also had a deep impact on the culture of these areas. One of the most important of these effects is the formation and spread of a phenomenon called zar, which is considered one of the subcultures in these areas. In the term, zar is a kind of confusion and distress of people, which they considered to be the result of the actions of evil spirits. The formation and wide spread of the Zar phenomenon has many reasons. The basic question of this research is that what are the causes of the spread and continuation of the zar phenomenon in the shores and backshores of the Persian Gulf? It seems that the lack of a safe haven and the lack of logical reasoning to solve the problems of the residents of the shores and backshores of the Persian Gulf on the one hand and living with many problems in the southern regions of Iran, the many trips of sailors from these areas to the African coasts and the settlement of African descendants on the coasts On the other hand, the Persian Gulf has caused the spread and development of a phenomenon called Zar. Also, this phenomenon has had harmony and similarity with some cultural structures of these areas. This research has been done by relying on library sources and field observations and with descriptive analytical method.

Continuity and evolution of Toponym of “Kech and Makran” in historical and geographical sources from the 7-12 AH: with a focus on the Safavid era

Yaser Mollazaei; Farajollah Ahmadi

Volume 12, Issue 1 , April 2022, , Pages 188-196

https://doi.org/10.22059/jis.2022.336917.1075

Abstract

According to historical and geographical sources, Makran province in southern Iran has a large territory. This region was linked to Sistan in the north, Kerman in the west, the sea ... Read More According to historical and geographical sources, Makran province in southern Iran has a large territory. This region was linked to Sistan in the north, Kerman in the west, the sea in the south, and the Indus River basin in the east. The expansion of the Makran region in the southeast of Iran, its connection with the sea, as well as its border location with the eastern and southern neighbors of Iran, provided the basis for the creation and development of numerous cities and settlements in Makran. Communication was important and prestigious, the city of Kech was in the center of this stateAdapting the name of this city in many historical and geographical texts from the 7th century AH to the 12th century AH, especially in the sources of the Safavid era, a place named "Kech and Makran" was formed in the mental geography of historians and geographers. Based on this, how the continuation and transformation of this place name in historical and geographical sources has formed the issue of future research. The repeated reflection of the place name "Kech and Makran" in the historical and geographical sources of the 7th to 12th century AH, especially the sources of the Safavid era, raises the question of what geographical area the place name "Kech and Makran" is applied to and how its semantic load is in the historical sources and Geographical continuity and evolution? The following article is organized by the method of describing historical and geographical data and then analyzing them through matching and comparing the data available in historical texts, especially manuscripts, geographical texts, historical maps, travelogues, as well as some examples of interviews with local experts. The result of this article shows that the political and communication importance of the city of Kech in the early to middle Islamic centuries provided the context for the first time in the official reports of the historical and geographical sources of the 7th and 8th centuries A.H. to establish a link between its name and the name of Makran And the name "Kech and Makran" should be mentioned as another name of Makran state. Adapted from these official reports, the use of the place name "Kech and Makran" as another name of the Makran state was not only continued in the sources of the following centuries, but in the Safavid era, along with this continuity, there was also a change in it, based on which, This place was also known as another name of Kech city..

The Impact of Iraq's Dependence on the Soviet Union on Iran and Iraq Relations, 1958-1979

Farajolah Ahmadi; Viyan Ali Saleh

Volume 11, Issue 1 , September 2021, , Pages 1-22

https://doi.org/10.22059/jis.2021.311229.911

Abstract

From the establishment of Iraq in 1932 up to the Iraqi coup of 1958, the disputes between the two neighboring countries of Iran and Iraq did not extend beyond boundary disputes and ... Read More

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Author = Ahmadi, Farajollah

Application of Zar ritual in the banks and back banks of the Persian Gulf

Abstract

Continuity and evolution of Toponym of “Kech and Makran” in historical and geographical sources from the 7-12 AH: with a focus on the Safavid era

Abstract

The Impact of Iraq's Dependence on the Soviet Union on Iran and Iraq Relations, 1958-1979

Abstract