Iranian Studies

Britain and the Arab tribes of Khuzestan (1925-1941)

Noor al-Din Nemati; Arwin Ghaemian

Volume 14, Issue 3 , December 2024, , Pages 53-74

https://doi.org/10.22059/jis.2024.371126.1254

Abstract

Britain and the Arab tribes of Khuzestan (1925-1941)AbstractIn the early 20th century, the British government assumed a significant role in shaping the internal landscape of Iran through ... Read More Britain and the Arab tribes of Khuzestan (1925-1941)AbstractIn the early 20th century, the British government assumed a significant role in shaping the internal landscape of Iran through the acquisition of oil concessions and the establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. However, the eruption of the First World War (1914-1918) and the Russian Revolution (1917) posed a formidable challenge to the continuation of British hegemony over the operational areas of the oil company. Consequently, London embarked on formulating a novel strategy that accorded utmost importance to the consolidation of power within Iran, considering it as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. The ascension of Reza Shah (1925-1941) and his authoritarian approach towards modernization and the centralization of political authority inevitably clashed with the interests of the Arab tribes, leading to population displacement and extensive migration of the Khuzestani tribes to neighboring Arab countries. This study endeavors to address the following question: What was the nature of the relationship between Reza Shah and the Arab tribes of Khuzestan? The central hypothesis posited in this research contends that the support strategy employed by the British government and the oil company, aimed at concentrating political power and fostering modernization in Iran, proved effective in mitigating population displacement and large-scale migration of Arab tribes to neighboring nations.Keyword: Britain, Iran, oil, Arab tribes.AbstractIn the early 20th century, the British government assumed a significant role in shaping the internal landscape of Iran through the acquisition of oil concessions and the establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. However, the eruption of the First World War (1914-1918) and the Russian Revolution (1917) posed a formidable challenge to the continuation of British hegemony over the operational areas of the oil company. Consequently, London embarked on formulating a novel strategy that accorded utmost importance to the consolidation of power within Iran, considering it as the cornerstone of its foreign policy.

The formation of Anjoman Eslamiyeh Tabriz (Tabriz Islamic Association) and its function during the Constitutional period (21 Muharram-17 Ramadan 1326 AH/24 Februrary-13 October 1908 A.D)

Noor al-Din Nemati; Jamal Pirehmard Shotorban

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 75-95

https://doi.org/10.22059/jis.2022.350202.1164

Abstract

The constitutional movement was one of the most decisive events in the history of Iran. One of the consequences of constitutionalism was the formation of associations that worked in ... Read More The constitutional movement was one of the most decisive events in the history of Iran. One of the consequences of constitutionalism was the formation of associations that worked in various ways to support or criticize the constitution. "Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh" of Tabriz was one of these organizations, which in 1326 A.H., with the efforts of a group of Tabriz clerics, including Mir Hashem-e Davachi, was established in the vicinity of the gate of Sorkhab and the alley of Davachi/Shotorban. After the parliament was bombed by the king (Muhammad Ali Shah) the association became a supporter of the government. Despite the importance of the subject, so far no independent article has been written about the Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, and the present article seeks to fill a part of the existing scientific gap. In addition, by criticizing the dominant view of Iran's constitutional history, the article has tried to adopt a new approach to constitutional critic associations, especially Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which is based on the review of sources.The establishment, continuity and fall of Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh raises the question of how and with what motivation the association was formed and what role did it play in the developments of Tabriz in the midst of the transition period? in this article, an attempt has been made to answer the above question with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the qualitative research method. The hypothesis of the current research is that Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which was formed from the religious, political, social and economic motives of the "Founders of Eslamiyeh", at the beginning of the so called "Estebdad-e Saghir" period, became a center of support for the government of MuhammadAli shah in Tabriz, but the conflict of opinions of the founders of Eslamiyeh along with the resistance of the people of Tabriz and their suspicion of the government forces, paved its way to collapse.AbstractThe constitutional movement was one of the most decisive events in the history of Iran. One of the consequences of constitutionalism was the formation of associations that worked in various ways to support or criticize the constitution. "Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh" of Tabriz was one of these organizations, which in 1326 A.H., with the efforts of a group of Tabriz clerics, including Mir Hashem-e Davachi, was established in the vicinity of the gate of Sorkhab and the alley of Davachi/Shotorban. After the parliament was bombed by the king (Muhammad Ali Shah) the association became a supporter of the government. Despite the importance of the subject, so far no independent article has been written about the Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, and the present article seeks to fill a part of the existing scientific gap. In addition, by criticizing the dominant view of Iran's constitutional history, the article has tried to adopt a new approach to constitutional critic associations, especially Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which is based on the review of sources.The establishment, continuity and fall of Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh raises the question of how and with what motivation the association was formed and what role did it play in the developments of Tabriz in the midst of the transition period? in this article, an attempt has been made to answer the above question with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the qualitative research method. The hypothesis of the current research is that Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, which was formed from the religious, political, social and economic motives of the "Founders of Eslamiyeh", at the beginning of the so called "Estebdad-e Saghir" period, became a center of support for the government of MuhammadAli shah in Tabriz, but the conflict of opinions of the founders of Eslamiyeh along with the resistance of the people of Tabriz and their suspicion of the government forces, paved its way to collapse.KeywordsConstitutionalism, Tabriz, Anjoman-e Eslamiyeh, Mir Hashem-e Davachi, Estebdad-e Saghir.

The Historiography of Fereydoun Adamiyat and the Constitutional Revolution

Noor al-Din Nemati; Rahil Asgari; Seamak Rafeiey

Volume 10, Issue 1 , September 2020, , Pages 253-270

https://doi.org/10.22059/jis.2020.289518.735

Abstract

The constitutional revolution was one of the hallmarks of the Iranian modern history and led to a series of groundbreaking changes in the social and political structure of this country; ... Read More

Iran, Afghanistan and transit routes during the 2nd Pahlavi period

Noor al-Din Nemati; Mazhar Adwai

Volume 2, Issue 2 , January 2013, , Pages 89-103

https://doi.org/10.22059/jis.2013.35372

Abstract

Afghanistan is a land-locked country that depends on its neighboring countries to transit essential commodities. Iran, for its proximity and access to the high seas, seems to have the ... Read More

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Author = Nemati, Noor al-Din

Britain and the Arab tribes of Khuzestan (1925-1941)

Abstract

The formation of Anjoman Eslamiyeh Tabriz (Tabriz Islamic Association) and its function during the Constitutional period (21 Muharram-17 Ramadan 1326 AH/24 Februrary-13 October 1908 A.D)

Abstract

The Historiography of Fereydoun Adamiyat and the Constitutional Revolution

Abstract

Iran, Afghanistan and transit routes during the 2nd Pahlavi period

Abstract